Classification and location of premises
On the ship
Classification of ship spaces
Ship premises are located in the main hull, superstructures and deckhouses (Fig. 178). The main hull includes all spaces and compartments formed by the shell plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and partitions located inside the hull.
Premises, compartments can be formed:
Main bulkheads, decks and platforms,
Enclosures and platforms in superstructures, wheelhouses and in the main body.
The most important compartments of the main body include:
- forepeak- extreme nasal compartment;
- afterpeak- extreme aft compartment;
- bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom;
- hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck;
tween deck- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull;
- deeptank- a deep tank located above the second bottom;
- rubber dam - a narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartment located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms;
- compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms,
- propeller shaft tunnel- on ships with MCO in the middle part of the ship, etc.
The presence of one or another of the compartments listed above on specific ships is due to the purpose and design of the ship.
Superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the ship, either from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the ship's width (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
The main superstructures on the ship are:
Nasal superstructure- tank- reduces flooding of the deck,
Stern superstructure - ut- by increasing the freeboard in the stern, it increases the margin of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the aft end and the trim of the vessel to the stern,
The middle superstructure increases the reserve of buoyancy.
felling fewer superstructures in width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into:
special,
Service,
public,
household service,
catering unit,
sanitary,
medical purpose,
workshops,
Ship stores and supplies,
Compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.
Special premises, depending on the purpose of the ship, serve for:
Placement of cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships;
Placement of special technological equipment (for processing fish on fishing vessels;
Placement of laboratories - on research vessels.
Among the special ones are also hangars for placing helicopters on the ship and premises for their maintenance.
Service premises designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include:
Premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;
Premises for placement of deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems:
Rump department,
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations,
Stations for remote measurement of the level of cargo and management of cargo operations,
fuel receiving and dispensing stations,
fan,
Air conditioning rooms, etc.;
Cabins, navigation rooms and posts - steering, navigational, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire and emergency posts, broadcasting, battery, aggregate, etc .;
Workshops:
mechanical,
Locksmith,
Electrical and radio engineering,
welding post,
Workshops for the repair of fishing equipment, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.;
Administrative premises:
Ship,
machine,
cargo office,
admin office,
ship archive,
control room,
Typography, etc.
Living spaces(cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and accommodation of passengers; crew cabins are subdivided into cabins for officers, crew and maintenance personnel, which differ in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as cubicles.
Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into "luxury" cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, classes II and III are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating areas are provided on passenger ships of local lines.
Public premises are used for organizing and holding various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This includes public quarters for the crew and separate public quarters for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through spaces.
TO crew quarters include a wardroom, saloons for officers and teams, canteens for officers and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a study room, a library. There are cinema halls on large fishing and research vessels; on ships with a small crew, films are usually shown in canteens.
TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (musical, smoking, for games, for recreation), cinema concert hall, gym, swimming pool, library with a reading room, children's rooms.
Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.
TO walk-through rooms include corridors, vestibules, vestibules, foyers, closed promenade decks.
Premises for consumer services are equipped on passenger, expeditionary ships and large fishing bases. They include; home service studios, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, left-luggage offices, etc.
The premises of the catering unit are used for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware.
Distinguish galleys premises:
galley for passengers,
crew caboose,
Bakery,
Storerooms for consumables for the galley and bakery,
- preparatory for cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry utensils and table linen.
Sanitary facilities are divided into:
- sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, pantries for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms, etc.),
- sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, baths, baths, sanitary checkpoints, toilets, etc.).
Premises medical appointments include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's waiting room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms, etc. Usually, a complex of medical facilities on ships is called a medical unit.
Ship stores and supplies are used to store provisions, skipper, navigational and other ship supplies. These include:
- provisional pantries- unrefrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers;
- economic storerooms- for storage of carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment, etc.;
- skipper's storerooms- skipper, painting, lantern, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing, chemical, etc.;
- navigational and navigation storerooms- navigational and navigation equipment, maps, etc.;
- linen and clothing pantries.
Compartments and tanks are used to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks for storing small expendable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called inserts tanks).
Ship premises are located in the main hull, superstructures and wheelhouses.
main building
The main hull includes all spaces formed by the shell plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and enclosures located inside. There are rooms formed by the main hull structures - compartments and other ship spaces formed by partitions and decks in superstructures, wheelhouses, as well as in the main hull.
The most important compartments of the hull include: tiltforepeak - extreme bow compartment; slopes terpeak - extreme aft compartment; slope inter-bottom space - the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; slope hold - the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; sloping tween decks - spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; tiltdiptanks - deep tanks located above the second bottom; tilt cofferdams - narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; tilt compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; slope of the propeller shaft tunnel - on ships with an engine room in the middle of the ship, and the like. The presence of the compartments listed above on specific ships is determined by the purpose and design of the ship.
location of ship premises on a dry-cargo vessel:
1 - forepeak; 2 - chain box; 3 - deep tank; 4 - cargo hold; 5 - cargo twin deck; 6 - double bottom space (double bottom); 7 - cofferdam; 8 - deep tank; 9 - engine room; 10 - propeller shaft corridor; 11 - afterpeak; 12 - yut (stern superstructure); 13 - middle superstructure; 14 - tank (bow superstructure); 15 - felling;
superstructures
Superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the ship: either from side to side, or so that their sides are separated from the sides by no more than 0.04 of the ship's width.
Superstructures serve not only to accommodate ship premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
Bow superstructure
- tiltback reduces deck flooding;
aft superstructure
- ut, increasing the freeboard in the stern, increases the margin of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the aft end and the trim of the vessel to the stern;
Medium superstructure
increases buoyancy.
felling
differ from superstructures in a smaller width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures (on warships, deckhouses located on the upper deck are called superstructures).
ship premises
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, office, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary and hygienic, medical purposes, workshops, ship stores and supplies and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.
Special premises depending on the purpose of the ship, they serve: for cargo placement (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment in the processing of fish - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels. Among the special ones are also hangars for placing helicopters on the ship and premises for their maintenance.
Service premises
designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include:
- premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;
- premises for placing deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems - tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, station for remote measurement of cargo level, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, fan rooms, air conditioner rooms, etc.;
- cabins, navigation rooms and posts - steering, navigational, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire posts, emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate, etc.;
- workshops - mechanical, plumbing, electrical, welding post, workshop for the repair of watercraft, instrumentation, etc.;
- administrative premises - ship, engine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship's archive, control room, etc.
Living spaces (cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and for the accommodation of passengers.
Crew quarters subdivided into command cabins and crew cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as a cockpit.
Passenger cabins Depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, they are divided into “luxury” cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, class II and III cabins are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating areas are provided on passenger ships of local lines.
public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This category includes public premises for the crew of the vessel and separately public premises for passengers, as well as areas on open decks and walk-through premises.
TO crew quarters include a wardroom, salons for command staff and teams, canteens for command staff and teams, canteens for command staff and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a room for sports activities, a library, and cabins for public organizations. There are cinema halls on large sea vessels.
TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking, for games, for relaxation), a concert hall, a gym, swimming pools, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms. Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, and so on. Passage rooms include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, closed promenade decks.
Premises for consumer services equip on passenger, forwarding vessels and large fishing vessels. These include: consumer service studios, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, luggage storage and others. tilt The premises of the catering unit are used for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. There are galley rooms (a galley for passengers, a galley for the crew, a bakery, storerooms for a galley and a bakery) and preparatory ones (cutting meat, fish, vegetables, a bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry utensils and table linen). slope Sanitary and hygienic premises are divided into sanitary and household (laundry, drying, ironing, storerooms for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms) and sanitary and hygienic (men's and women's washrooms, showers, bathrooms, baths, sanitary inspections and toilets).
Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, doctor's office, operating room, x-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of passengers), infirmary, isolation ward, pharmacy, medical and sanitary pantries. Typically, a complex of medical facilities on ships is called a medical unit.
Ship stores and supplies
serve to store stocks of provisions, skipper, navigational and other ship supplies. These include:
- provisional pantries, unrefrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerators; - economic pantries - for storage of carpets of paths, covers, sports equipment, cleaning equipment;
- skipper's pantries - skipper's, painting, lantern, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing;
- navigational and navigation storerooms - navigational equipment, maps, etc.;
- linen and clothing pantries.
Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo - oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks in which large, expendable supplies of fuel, water and oil are placed (the so-called supplementary tanks).
GENERAL LOCATION OF THE SHIP
The general arrangement of the ship is understood as the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all rooms intended for placement on the ship of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, ship stores, transported goods, crew and passengers, as well as all service posts, household, utility and sanitary premises. Their mutual arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, on the size of the vessel, as well as the requirements imposed on it.
On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general arrangement may be different, depending on the requirements of customers. However, recently in the global shipbuilding industry, typification of ship premises, and first of all, residential and service premises, has been carried out.
location of ship premises
To orient the location of a particular room on the ship, the following names of decks and spaces between decks are adopted (Scheme 2).
names of decks and spaces between decks
1 - second bottom; 2 - second platform; 3 - the first platform; 4 - third (lower) deck; 5 - second deck; 6 - upper deck; 7 - deck of the superstructure of the 1st tier (deck of the forecastle, poop, etc.); 8 - cutting deck of the II tier (promenade deck); 9 - deckhouse III tier (boat deck); 10 - tier IV deckhouse (lower, navigation bridge); 11 - tier V cabin deck (upper navigation bridge).
In case (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.
In superstructures and cabins (from bottom to top): deck of the first tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure), deck of the second tier of the deckhouse, decks of the third tier of the deckhouse, and so on. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: promenade, saloon deck, boat, sports, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.
The space between the outer skin of the bottom and the second bottom is called the slope of the interbottom space or the double bottom of the slope. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called a tilt hold, the rest of the spaces between decks are called tilt tvindeks.
The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB).
Diagrams 3 and 4 show the location of the main groups of rooms on a dry cargo ship and a passenger ship. The general layout of a dry cargo ship is described in the publication Vessel Performance and Seaworthiness.
layout of compartments and main premises of a dry-cargo vessel:
I - peaks; II - cargo compartments; III - double bottom compartments; IV - deep tanks; V - compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;
layout of compartments and main premises of a passenger ship:
1 - tier IV deckhouse (upper bridge); 2 - deckhouse III tier (lower bridge); 3 - deckhouse II tier (boat deck); 4 - II platform; 5 - superstructure deck of the 1st tier (forecastle deck, poop); 6 - upper deck; 7 - I platform; 8 - second bottom; 9 - deck of the second tier of the superstructure (promenade deck); 10 - second deck (bulkhead deck); 11 - third deck;
special rooms
Special premises - cargo holds, premises for processing and storage of catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo, cargo-passenger and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined by the requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, acceptance, processing and storage of catch, etc.
The location of special premises that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel is subordinate to the location of all other ship spaces.
service premises
Service rooms are located throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the forecastle and poop rooms, sometimes where it is forbidden to equip living quarters, for example, above the forepeak and afterpeak and below the waterline. Part of the navigation rooms - steering, navigation, radio room - are located on the bridge; the location of the log and echo sounder - on the second day.
Workshops are usually located in the area of engine and boiler rooms.
Living spaces
The crew quarters on cargo ships are usually located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mostly closer to the middle part of the ship, where rocking and vibration from working propellers are least felt. The exception is cargo ships with a purely aft location of the engine room: here all the living quarters of the ship's crew are placed in the aft superstructure. On passenger ships, crew cabins are placed forward, aft and below the passenger cabins, and commanders' cabins are located on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (a tier below).
The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, a tier below the pilothouse. All navigators' cabins are placed here or below in a tier; the cabins of the chief engineer, mechanics and engine crew are located as close as possible to the engine room; the cabins of the deck crew are placed on the starboard side, the engine room - on the port side.
passenger accommodation
The living quarters of passengers on passenger ships are located, if possible, in the middle part, mainly in superstructures and in the upper tween decks of the main hull. Locating passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck is not recommended, and below the waterline is prohibited. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but large ships carrying a large number of passengers have cabins without natural light.
public spaces
Allotted for public spaces best areas superstructures and decks with good overview. Some public spaces - restaurants, theaters, an indoor swimming pool, a gym, and the like - are equipped in rooms that do not have natural light.
service premises
Premises for consumer services are equipped in the area of public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural lighting. The premises of the catering unit should be located near the facilities that they serve. Thus, a galley or bakery is located close to the crew dining room, saloon or restaurant, usually on or below the same deck, with a special elevator to supply food from the galley to the pantry. In turn, provisional pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When locating provisional storerooms, the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship's facilities must be taken into account.
sanitary facilities
Sanitary and hygienic premises are located in the immediate vicinity of residential premises or in the same block with them. The bath and laundry block is placed in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.
medical unit
The medical block is located in the superstructure, usually in the middle part of the vessel, away from the main main corridors and places of accumulation of crew and passengers.
ship's stores and supplies
Premises of ship stores and supplies are located in the area of residential and public premises (storerooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, walkways, covers, sports equipment), as well as in the area of open decks (storerooms for rescue equipment, diving equipment). Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, as well as water ballast are placed in the double bottom compartments and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the area of the engine room and in the forepeak area. The forepeak and afterpeak are usually used as ballast tanks. Consumable fuel tanks are placed in the area of the engine room. Stocks of fresh drinking water are stored in loose tanks.
When planning and equipping ship spaces, the requirements for these spaces, depending on their purpose, are taken into account.
Residential and public premises of the crew and passengers must be comfortable for the people on board. These requirements are regulated by the Rules of Lloyd's Register, and are also established by the ship operating departments. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire design measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.
The command staff is accommodated in single cabins (Scheme 5), and the cabins of the senior command staff - the captain, the senior assistant to the captain and the chief mechanic consist of an office, a bedroom and a bathroom with a toilet. On the big ships the captain's block also has a saloon.
layout of crew accommodation on a transport ship:
a - command staff cabin; b - captain's block; c - crew cabin;
The team is accommodated in single cabins and double cabins, which have everything necessary for comfortable living in them. Each cabin, in addition to soft single or bunk beds, has a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, a washbasin with hot and cold water (on modern supertankers - a shower with a bathroom), air conditioning, comfortable lighting. All cabins must have natural light through the porthole.
Ship equipment is distinguished by marine design, which, first of all, provides for the normal functioning of the equipment in conditions of rolling. To do this, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm fasteners that securely fasten it to the deck during a storm. Ship berths should have a small shoulder to prevent falling from the berth during rolling. Low collars are also installed on the tables around the perimeter. On the shelves, especially on the shelves for dishes, mounting sockets should be made for each item. All other equipment - turntables, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also provided with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm rails are installed along the bulkheads. Provide reliable fastening of cabin doors, both in the closed and open position.
The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to provide the crew with good conditions for rest, eating and entertainment.
Even more comfortable living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships. Ocean cruise liners, which have recently been increasingly used for long-term sea voyages are equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double cabins with all amenities. Passengers are provided with lounges, music and dance lounges, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, games rooms, a swimming pool, saunas, a gym, children's rooms, a library, a theater, and so on. Marble, wood and new synthetic materials are widely used for decoration and equipment of residential and public premises.
Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, occupying a significant area on the upper deck and decks of the superstructure in the stern, protected from the wind.
pleasure and sports decks and outdoor swimming pools cruise ship"Carnival Spirit"
On passenger ships, the living and public quarters of the passengers are separated from the corresponding quarters of the crew. Therefore, special attention is paid to communications, that is, the ways of moving passengers and crew around the ship. Both should have isolated access to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to the workplace. For this, special main corridors and ladders are equipped - separately for passengers and for the crew.
When planning the medical block, special attention is paid to the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. There must be an entrance to the isolation ward from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation room must be approached from three sides.
Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, occupying about 60 percent of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of the cargo holds is taken as large as possible (within the limits of the requirements for ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry-cargo vessel is sheathed with wood:
On the flooring of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - naklozhpayol - from boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, laid on bars (logs) running in the transverse direction with a thickness of about 40 mm;
along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50X200 mm - clasps, - installed along the hold over the side set at a distance of 200-300 mm from one another.
Rybinsy not only isolate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and the side from accidental damage. Cargo tweendecks are equipped similarly to the holds.
On ships carrying cargo unloaded by a grab, the wooden flooring in the holds is replaced by strengthening the second bottom flooring by at least 4 mm.
On ships carrying grain, in the upper part of the cargo holds, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP with a height equal to one third of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent grain from spilling onto one side when the ship is rolling, which can lead to the ship capsizing. Shiftingboards they are made from metal racks and embedded boards, or are provided as regular ones, and are made in the form of folding shields.
The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on fishing refrigerators, whatnots - on fruit carriers, hooks under the ceiling - for transporting meat, and the like.
Vessels of the civil fleet or warships, regardless of their purpose, size and type, they all have many essentially the same structural elements, shapes and interiors.
So, the hull of any vessel or ship is limited to the bottom, sides and decks. In the bow, it closes with a strong curly beam - stem, and in the stern - stern.
Since there can be several decks, the first one from the top is called the upper deck. On large mining vessels, it is called the fishing deck.
This deck has a smooth rise from the midship frame to the bow and stern, called sheer, which provides the vessel with less flooding when sailing on rough seas. A structurally arranged transverse camber ensures a quick runoff of water that falls on the deck during a storm.
The sheer of the upper deck, together with the configuration of the bow and stern extremities, characterize the external shape of the main hull of the ship.
The nasal tip is closed by a stem. Ordinary sea vessels it is straight with an inclination forward, which gives the surface part of the hull swiftness and improves the germination of the vessel on the wave. On high-speed transport vessels, the underwater part of the stem has the shape of a bulb, carried forward, and above the water it has the so-called clipper formation, which makes it possible to obtain a forward-flying form. In addition to a purely architectural and aesthetic appearance, this shape of the bow reduces the wave formation and flooding of the upper deck during the course of the vessel.
The aft ends most often have a rounded, so-called cruising shape. But on many fishing vessels, as well as dry-cargo transport vessels, a flat stern is arranged in the surface part (transom) and round-cruising in the underwater part of the stern.
The external architecture of the vessel, in addition to the shape of the main hull, depends on the number, shape and location of superstructures and deckhouses located on the upper deck. At the same time, the superstructures are a continuation of the sides of the vessel, and the deckhouses have a smaller width and there are passages between their side walls and the sides of the hull.
According to the number and arrangement of superstructures, three-, two- and one-row architectural types of ships are distinguished, as well as ships with a solid superstructure along the entire length of the vessel and smooth-deck ships without superstructures, which have only deckhouses.
Superstructures of three-island vessels: in the bow - a forecastle, in the stern - a poop and a middle superstructure.
Two-island vessels most often have forecastle and poop superstructures. They may also have an extended forecastle or an extended poop when the middle superstructure merges with the forecastle or poop.
Single island ships have only a forecastle or poop.
The ship architecture is significantly influenced by the location of the engine room along the length of the ship, as this determines the location of the accommodation and chimney. At present, almost all oil tankers, bulk carriers and most dry cargo ships have an aft location of the engine room and a residential superstructure.
Details such as the shape and dimensions of the chimney, the type, number and location of masts and their rigging, cargo devices and other less essential structures have a significant impact on the appearance of the vessel.
The transformation of the external architectural form of the vessel is well traced in fig. 1.1.
If in the 60s superstructures, deckhouses and a chimney had streamlined shapes, which were distinguished by the complexity of their manufacture, then in recent years they have been replaced by simplified flat structures, technologically more rational. This allows for their design and manufacture to widely use new, more advanced planning solutions, automation in the construction of individual structures and the modular method of forming and saturating individual blocks of ship spaces with equipment.
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical purposes, workshops, ship supplies, containers (tanks, tanks, deep tanks) for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water and water ballast.
Rice. 1.1. Aft end of the tanker: a - built in the 30s; b - buildings of the 60s; c - buildings of the 90s
Placement of ship premises is carried out both in the main hull, in superstructures and wheelhouses.
In the bow superstructure - the tank, the main purpose of which is to protect the ship from being flooded with water when sailing on a rough sea, usually there are ship supply rooms (skipper's property, a cable store), as well as a paint store and a lamp room.
In the aft superstructure - poop, the main purpose of which is to protect the stern from the effects of sea waves, sanitary and medical facilities and residential premises are usually located.
In the middle superstructure, which protects the engine room from being flooded with water in storm conditions, residential, service, public premises and catering facilities are located.
Loggings arranged on ships are designed to increase the volume and area of residential and service premises. Usually they are built in several floors (tiers).
Superstructure and deckhouse decks have their own names: forecastle deck, poop deck, middle superstructure deck, navigation bridge deck.
The internal volume of the ship's hull is divided into compartments using decks, platforms, transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
Decks from top to bottom are called second, third, and the last - bottom. On double-deck ships, the lower one is called tween-deck. Platforms are horizontal ceilings, unlike decks, extending only over the length of the ship.
Transverse bulkheads are arranged to ensure the floodability and transverse strength of the hull.
Longitudinal bulkheads play a separating role and provide the overall longitudinal strength of the hull.
On ships of all types, the following transverse bulkheads are mandatory:
- fore peak (ram) - the first stem; - after peak - the first from the stern;
- bulkheads limiting the engine room.
The bow compartment, formed by the forepeak bulkhead, upper deck and stem, is called the forepeak, and the extreme aft, formed by the afterpeak bulkhead, upper deck and sternpost, is called the ah-terpeak. These compartments are used to store fresh water supplies and receive seawater ballast.
In front of the forepeak bulkhead there is a chain box, where anchor chains are laid along the march.
Above the afterpeak, a room is arranged, called the steering compartment, which serves to place the mechanisms of the steering device in it.
In addition to the main premises considered, a number of other premises are arranged on ships, depending on their types and purpose.
An idea about them can be obtained by considering the most common types of vessels, such as dry cargo, tankers and large fishing vessels.
Dry cargo ships (see Fig. 1.2, a).
On these vessels, as well as on mining ones, with the exception of the smallest ones, a second bottom is arranged, which extends from the fore peak to the after peak bulkhead and is designed to protect the vessel when it receives a hole in the bottom. If the flooring of the second bottom at the sides ends with an inclined sheet, then spaces are formed along the sides, called bilges, which serve to collect water that forms when the sides sweat and when the holds are washed.
Compartments (tanks) of the double-bottom space are used for storing ship fuel, lubricating oil and fresh water, as well as for receiving sea water ballast when sailing without cargo (in ballast). To protect fresh water from contamination by fuel or oil from adjacent compartments, they are separated by special narrow, always empty rooms called cofferdams.
It often turns out that the volumes of double-bottom tanks, fore- and afterpeak are not enough for ballast when the ship is sailing without cargo. In such cases, additional deep tanks are arranged, called deep tanks. They are placed either horizontally or vertically.
On ships where the engine room is located in their middle part, in order to pass the shafting that transmits rotation from the main engine to the propeller, a special room is arranged, called the tunnel (corridor) of the propeller shaft, which has an extension at the afterpeak bulkhead, called the aft recession.
With the aft location of the engine room, a tunnel device is not required. This placement has a number of advantages. Firstly, the length of the shafting line is reduced, which greatly simplifies its design and maintenance. Secondly, volumes are released in the middle part of the hull, convenient for the transport of goods. Thirdly, the absence of a tunnel passing through the aft holds increases their useful cubic capacity and improves the conditions for carrying out cargo operations in them.
Above the flooring of the second bottom there are cargo compartments, the length of which is limited by transverse bulkheads. Their number and installation locations are determined from the conditions for ensuring the unsinkability of the vessel.
At the same time, if the transported goods are not afraid of stacking any height, or are transported in bulk (timber carriers, grain carriers, ore carriers), then the height of the cargo compartments is not limited by the arrangement of decks and platforms and they are called holds. In all other cases, it is necessary to take into account the strength of the packaging and part of the cargo is accepted into the inter-deck space-premises, called wind decks.
Rice. 1.2. Schemes of ship premises: a - dry cargo vessel; b - tanker; c - fishing
In order to make it possible to take cargo into the holds and tween decks conveniently and quickly, cutouts for cargo hatches are arranged in the decks, which are securely closed with watertight closures.
Tankers (bulk vessels) (see Fig. 1.2, b)
These vessels are designed specifically for the transport of liquid cargo (crude oil, petroleum products, fresh water, vegetable oils, acids).
Due to the high mobility of such cargoes, it is necessary to take a number of measures in advance to prevent the ship from capsizing when liquids are poured during the motion, as well as to ensure the strength of the hull structures during hydraulic shocks.
The main measures are to limit the length and width of cargo tanks by setting up transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
The engine room of tankers is always arranged in the stern, and directly in front of it there is a pump (pump) room for carrying out cargo operations for pumping cargo.
To facilitate and improve trimming in the bow of the hull, a deep tank is provided, and sometimes a dry cargo hold of small sizes.
For fire safety, cargo tanks are limited to vertical rubber dams.
Until recently, the presence of a double bottom was required only under the engine compartment.
However, the intensive development of world oil transportation by sea, which led to an increase in the number of accidents with pollution of large water areas, forced a review of the requirements for the design of ships of this type. And at present, all oil tankers with a deadweight of more than 5,000 tons must have a double bottom and double sides throughout the entire length from the forepicado to the afterpeak.
Tankers are ships of two- or one-island type with a residential poop superstructure and three or four tiers of deckhouses above.
Fishing vessels (see Fig. 1.2, c)
On large mining vessels, tween decks and sometimes holds are used to accommodate processing shops and other technological equipment, as well as living quarters for production personnel.
In an elongated middle superstructure with deckhouses in several tiers, there are living quarters for the crew, office, medical, public, catering and a number of others.
As a rule, the engine room on such vessels is located in the middle part, which ensures the availability of free space in the aft part of the fishing deck for working with silt tools.
Due to the lack of volumes of the double bottom compartments and peaks, deep tanks are provided to ensure normal ballasting.
On production and receiving-transport refrigerators, and not infrequently on mother ships, the engine room is located in the stern.
Since large mother ships and canning factories perform the functions of industrial, dry-cargo and refrigerated transport ships, passenger and oil tankers, the composition and location of their ship premises differ significantly from the ships discussed above. Typically, these vessels have 3…4 decks, which are necessary to accommodate multifaceted technological equipment and production personnel of the order of 400…500 people. To accommodate engineering and technical services and the control apparatus, the mother ship has developed superstructures and multi-tiered cabins.
The ship's premises for the crew and passengers are divided into residential, public, domestic, household and medical.
Living spaces. On cargo ships, they usually use the middle superstructure and the deckhouses located in it. On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and deckhouses, but also in the spaces between decks.
Cabins are the main type of accommodation on ships. The command staff is accommodated in single cabins, and the private - in single or double cabins.
Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure, and four-bed cabins of class III - on the lower decks. 
Vessels making short voyages or voyages with frequent port calls may carry passengers in common areas with seating.
Living quarters are equipped with furniture and equipment. In the cabins of the command staff, as well as in the passenger cabins of classes I and II, sofas and washbasins are installed. The berths can be one or two-tiered; a table, chairs and wardrobes are also installed.
On ships, the corridor system is most often used. Doors leading to the corridor open inward
cabins so as not to hamper the movement of people along the corridors. Only the doors of public spaces should open outward, which speeds up exit from these spaces in the event of an accident.
Public spaces. On cargo ships, these include a dining room for the crew and a wardroom for officers. Usually next to the dining room is the salon, which is separated from it by a sliding bulkhead. This allows you to use both rooms for mass events.
Modern cargo ships have swimming pools, gyms, lounges
and other premises that significantly improve the living conditions of the crew.
There are much more public spaces on passenger ships. There are canteens, restaurants, smoking and music salons, cafes, bars, a cinema hall, reading rooms, sports halls, swimming pools, children's playrooms, etc. Sufficient
the area of open decks or verandas intended for passengers to walk.
Domestic premises. These include latrines (latrines), washrooms, bathrooms, baths, showers, etc. They use rooms that, as a rule, do not have natural light. Not far from the bathhouse there is a room for overalls, equipped with personal wardrobes. Sometimes there are drying cabinets.
Business premises. On cargo ships, the galley (kitchen) is a small room equipped with a stove, a table, a cube for boiling water, shelves and cupboards for dishes. The galley of a passenger ship is large and may sometimes consist of a number of separate rooms. Close to the galley there are pantries for food storage. They are equipped with racks, cabinets, refrigerated chambers.
Medical premises . These include an outpatient clinic, a hospital, an isolation ward, etc. The size of these rooms and the number of beds depend on the number of crew and the category of the vessel. Medical rooms are usually located in isolation from other rooms with separate independent exits to the open deck. The hospital and the isolation ward have their own separate sanitary block (latrine, bath, shower).
The main hull includes all spaces formed by the shell plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and enclosures located inside the hull. There are spaces formed by the main bulkheads, decks and platforms - compartments and other ship spaces formed by partitions and platforms in superstructures, wheelhouses, as well as in the main hull.
The most important compartments of the main body include: forepeak- extreme nasal compartment; afterpeak- extreme aft compartment; bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; tween decks- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; deep tanks- deep tanks located above the second bottom; rubber dams- narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; main and auxiliary machinery compartments, propeller shaft tunnel- on ships with MCO in the middle part of the ship, etc.
The presence of one or another of the compartments listed above on specific ships is due to the purpose and design of the ship.
Superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the ship, either from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the ship's width (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.
Bow superstructure– tank- reduces deck flooding, aft superstructure– ut- by increasing the freeboard in the stern, it increases the margin of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the aft end and the trim of the vessel to the stern, middle superstructure increases buoyancy.
Cabins are smaller than superstructures in width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.
Classification of ship spaces
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical purposes, workshops, ship supplies and supplies, and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.
Special premises depending on the purpose of the ship, they serve: for cargo placement (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for processing fish - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels.
Among the special ones are also hangars for placing helicopters on the ship and premises for their maintenance.
Service premises designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include: premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; rooms for placing deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems- tiller compartment, stations for carbon dioxide fire extinguishing, remote measurement of the level of cargo and control of cargo operations, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, fan rooms, air conditioners, etc.; cabins, navigation rooms and posts- steering, navigation, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire and emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate, etc.; workshops- mechanical, plumbing, electrical and radio engineering, welding post, workshop for the repair of fishing equipment, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.; administrative premises- ship, machine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, cash desk, dispatching office, printing house, etc.
Living quarters (cabins) designed for permanent residence of the ship's crew and accommodation of passengers.
Crew cabins are divided into cabins for officers, crew and maintenance personnel, which differ in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as cubicles. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into deluxe cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, classes II and III are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating areas are provided on passenger ships of local lines.
public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This includes public quarters for the crew and separate public quarters for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through spaces.
TO crew quarters include a wardroom, saloons for command personnel and teams, canteens for command personnel and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a study room, a red corner, a library, and cabins for public organizations. There are cinema halls on large fishing and research vessels; on ships with a small crew, films are usually shown in canteens.
TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking; for games, for relaxation), a cinema and concert hall, a gym, a swimming pool, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms.
Areas on open decks include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.
TO walk-through rooms include corridors, vestibules, vestibules, foyers, closed promenade decks.
They are equipped on passenger, expeditionary ships and large fishing bases. These include: consumer service studios, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, storage rooms, etc.
Catering premises serve for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. Distinguish galleys premises (passenger galley, crew galley, bakery, consumable storerooms for galley and bakery) and preparatory(cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry utensils and table linen).
Sanitary facilities subdivided into sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, pantries for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms, etc.) and sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, baths, baths, sanitary checkpoints, toilets, etc.).
Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's waiting room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms, etc. Usually, a complex of medical service premises on ships is called a medical unit.
They serve to store provisions, skipper, navigational and other ship supplies. These include: provisional pantries- unrefrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers; household pantries- for storing carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment, etc.; skipper's storerooms- skipper, painting, lantern, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing, chemical, etc.; navigational and navigation storerooms - navigational and navigation equipment, maps, etc.; linen and clothing pantries.
Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks for storing small expendable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called inserts tanks).
general position of the ship
Under general location ships understand the general layout in the hull, superstructures and wheelhouses of all rooms intended for placement on the ship of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, supplies, transported goods, crew and passengers, as well as all service, amenity, utility and sanitary premises. Their mutual arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, its dimensions and the requirements imposed on it. For example, the layout of the rooms inside the hull is affected by the division of the hull into watertight compartments, and the layout of the rooms in the superstructures depends on the location of the engine installation, etc. On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general location may vary depending on the tastes and requirements of customers. However, in recent years, a lot of work has been carried out in shipbuilding on the typification of ship premises, primarily residential, public and service ones (helmsman and radio cabins, galley, storerooms, bathrooms, etc.) and cabins in general. Therefore, we consider only the basic principles of their planning.
Location of ship premises. To orient the location of a particular room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck spaces are adopted (Fig. 4.6).
In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.
In superstructures and deckhouses (from bottom to top): deck of the 1st tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure), deck of the 2nd tier of the deckhouse, deck of the 3rd tier of the deckhouse, etc. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: , saloon deck, boat deck, sports deck, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge, etc.
The space between the outer shell of the bottom and the second bottom is called bottom space or double bottom. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called hold, other interdeck spaces - tween decks. The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB). All rooms on the ship are assigned serial numbers (on the starboard side - odd, on the port side - even).
On fig. Figure 4.7 shows the location of the main groups of premises on dry cargo and passenger ships, and Figure 4.8 shows the general arrangement of premises on the Pobeda tanker.
Special premises- cargo holds, premises for processing and storing catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined
requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, acceptance, processing and storage of catch, etc.
The position of all other ship spaces depends on the location of special premises that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel.
Service premises distributed throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the forecastle rooms, poop, etc., sometimes where accommodation is not allowed, for example, above the fore and after peak and below the waterline . Part of the navigation rooms - steering, navigation, radio room - are located on the bridge; the location of the log and echo sounder - on the second day.
Workshops are usually located in the MCO area.
Crew quarters on cargo ships, as a rule, they are located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mainly closer to the middle part of the ship, where the pitching and vibration from working propellers is less felt. The exception is most types of cargo ships with a purely aft location of the MCO: on them, all the living quarters of the crew are placed in the aft superstructure (on some types of cargo ships, for example, lighter carriers with an aft location of the MCO, the residential superstructure is located in the bow). To reduce noise in the cabins located in the area of the MKO mine, the latter is equipped with auxiliary premises (pantries, switchboards, etc.), which create a kind of noise barrier. on large tankers and
Captions for fig. 4.8: but - side view; b - view from above; in - upper deck; G - deckhouse of the 1st tier; d - deckhouse II tier; e - deckhouse III tier; w - deckhouse IV tier; h - deckhouse V tier; And - upper bridge; to- hold.
1 - afterpeak; 2 - engine room; 3 - cargo pump room; 4 - fuel tanks; 5 - settling tanks; 6 - sludge collection tank; 7 - cargo tank; 8 - ballast tanks (double bottom and double sides); 9 - deep tank; 10 - bow pump room; 11 - forepeak; 12 - emergency diesel generator; 13 - air conditioners; 14 - shower room with steam room; 15 - laundry room with pantries of dirty and clean linen; 16 - outpatient clinic; 17, 29 - volumetric foam extinguishing station; 18 - provisional pantries; 19 - incinerator; 20 - inert gas station; 21 - welding workshop; 22 - sports cabin; 23 - dining room and salon; 24 - smoking room; 25 - cargo operations control post (PUGO); 26 - cabin II assistant captain; 27 - wardroom and saloon; 28 - galley; 30 - pool; 31 - trainee cabins (double); 32 - crew cabins (single); 33 – electromechanical cabin; 34 - doctor's cabin; 35 - cabin I assistant captain; 36 - cabin of the senior assistant to the captain; 37 - cabin IV mechanic; 38 – cabin III mechanic; 39 - cabin II mechanic; 40 - elevator; 41 - cabin of the senior mechanic; 42 - pilot's cabin; 43 - captain's cabin; 44 - cabin chief of the radio station; 45 - cabin III assistant captain; 46 - cabin IV assistant captain; 47 – radio operator's cabin; 48 - boatswain's cabin; 49 - Donkerman's cabin; 50 - operator; 51 - steering; 52 - hardware; 53 - broadcast
ships for the transportation of bulk cargoes practice the complete separation of the residential cabin from the MKO mine, the residential cabin is placed separately, in front of the mine, in the form of a structure resembling a point house. On passenger ships, crew cabins are placed forward, aft and below the passenger cabins, and commanders' cabins are located on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (a tier below).
The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, a tier below the wheelhouse. All cabins of assistant captains (navigators) are placed here or below in a tier; the cabins of the senior (chief) mechanic, mechanics and other personnel of the ship's technical operation service are located, if possible, closer to the MKO; the cabin of the head of the radio station - closer to the wheelhouse; the cabins of the personnel of the maintenance service (deck crew) are placed on the starboard side, the personnel of the maintenance service (engine crew) - on the port side.
Passenger accommodation on passenger ships, they are located, if possible, in the middle part of the ship, mainly in superstructures and in the upper tween decks of the main hull. Locating passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck is not recommended, and below the waterline is not allowed. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but large ships carrying a large number of passengers have cabins without natural light.
Under public spaces divert the best areas of superstructures and decks with good visibility. Some public spaces - restaurants, cinema and concert hall, indoor swimming pool, gym, etc. - equip in rooms that do not have natural light.
Premises for consumer services are equipped in the area of public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural lighting.
Catering premises should be located near the facilities they serve. Thus, a galley, bakery, etc. is located near the team's dining room, saloon or restaurant, usually on the same deck, or below them, with the equipment of a special elevator for serving food. In turn, provisional pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When placing provisional storerooms, the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship's facilities must be taken into account.
Sanitary and hygienic premises located in close proximity to living quarters or in the same block with them (for example, toilets in cabins). The bath and laundry block is placed in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.
Medical premises located in the superstructure, usually in the middle part of the vessel, away from the main main corridors and places of accumulation of crew and passengers.
Ship stores and supplies located in the area of residential and public premises (storerooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, paths, covers, religious and sports equipment), as well as in the area of open decks (storerooms for rescue, diving equipment, etc.).
Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, and ballast water placed in compartments double bottom and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the MKO area, forepeak, as well as in double boards, if they are available. The forepeak and afterpeak are usually used as ballast tanks. Expendable fuel tanks are located in the MCO area. Fresh water reserves are stored in loose tanks.
Planning and equipment of ship premises.
As noted above, at present, the unification and typification of planning solutions for the same type of rooms and blocks is widely practiced (cabins for various purposes, a catering unit, a medical unit, storerooms, utility rooms, a helmsman, navigational and other posts, etc.), and work is also underway to development of whole type fellings based on the modular method. This progressive direction creates the prerequisites for the use of electronic computing technology in the development of general arrangement drawings and for the introduction of advanced technology for the manufacture of ship's fellings at all stages. When planning and equipping ship spaces, the requirements for them, depending on the purpose, are taken into account.
Residential and public premises of the crew and passengers must be comfortable for people to live. These requirements are regulated in our country by the Sanitary Rules for Sea Vessels of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the 1970 International Convention on Crew Accommodation, the Rules of the RMRS, and are also established by the departments operating ships. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire design measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.
The command staff is usually placed in single cabins, and the cabins of the senior command staff - the captain, the senior navigator and the senior (chief) mechanic - consist of an office, a bedroom and a toilet with a bath (shower). On large ships, the captain's block also has a salon, and all command cabins have a toilet with a shower.
The crew (rank and file) is accommodated in single and double cabins equipped with everything necessary (on ships where it is impossible to provide a bathroom in each crew cabin, it is provided for no more than every six people). In addition to soft single and double bunk beds (the minimum internal dimensions of a bunk are 1900x800 mm), each cabin has a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, shelves for books and a decanter with glasses, a washbasin with hot and cold water (on modern supertankers - a toilet with a shower).
All crew cabins are equipped with air conditioning systems, well lit, have natural light through the porthole.
The ship equipment of the premises is manufactured in a marine version, i.e. it can function normally in conditions of rolling. To do this, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm fasteners that securely hold it during a storm. Ship berths have a small shoulder that prevents falling from the berth during rolling. Low collars are also placed on the tables around the perimeter. On the shelves, especially with utensils, for each item, fastening nests are made. All other equipment - radios, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also provided with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm rails are installed along the bulkheads. Provide reliable fastening of cabin doors in both closed and open positions.
The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to create good conditions for rest and eating.
Living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships are even more comfortable. Ocean liners, which have recently been increasingly used to make long sea voyages, are being equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double (rarely quadruple) cabins with all amenities. They provide lounges, music and dance halls, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, games rooms, a swimming pool, a gym, a children's room, a library, a cinema hall, etc.
Plastics and new synthetic materials are widely used for decoration and equipment of residential and public premises. Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, occupying a significant area on the upper deck and decks of the superstructure in the stern part, protected from the wind.
On passenger ships, the living and public quarters of the passengers are separated from the corresponding quarters of the crew. Therefore, great importance is attached to communications, i.e., the ways of moving passengers and crew around the ship. Both should have isolated access to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to the workplace. For this, special main corridors and ladders are equipped - separately for passengers and crew.
Of the utility rooms, the catering unit with provisional pantries is of the greatest interest.
When planning medical block especially take into account, first of all, the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. There must be an entrance to the isolation ward from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation room must be approached from three sides.
Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, occupying about 60% of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of the cargo holds is taken as large as possible (within the limits of the requirements for ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry-cargo vessel is sheathed with wood: along the decking of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - payol- from boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, laid on bars (logs) running in the transverse direction with a thickness of about 40 mm; along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50 x 200 mm - fish, installed along the hold on top of the side kit at a distance of 200-300 mm from one another.
Rybins not only isolate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and the side from accidental damage. Cargo tweendecks are equipped similarly to the holds.
On ships carrying cargo unloaded by a grab, the wooden floor in the holds is replaced with a second bottom deck reinforced by at least 4 mm.
On ships carrying grain, in the upper part of the cargo holds, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP, with a height equal to approximately 1/3 of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent spillage of grain on one side when the vessel is rocking, which can lead to the capsizing of the vessel. Shifting boards are made from metal racks and embedded boards, or they are provided as regular ones and are made in the form of folding boards.
The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on refrigerated fishing vessels, whatnots - on banana carriers, hooks under the ceiling - on ships for transporting meat, etc.
The holds of specialized container ships have a cellular structure, i.e., they consist of vertical racks formed by special guide cells, into which containers are inserted. On ro-ro ships, car ferries and other ships carrying wheeled vehicles, cargo holds and tween decks are equipped with special fasteners for securing cargo in them - cars, trailers, containers, and also provide for good ventilation (up to 20 air changes per hour ), which prevents the formation of explosive concentrations of gasoline vapors from transported vehicles.
