The deepest trench in the World Ocean is the Mariana Trench (or the Mariana Trench). Located between the Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Sea, the trench was first measured in 1875 and got its name from the Mariana Islands.
Numerous studies and measurements have established that the deepest point of the World Ocean is at a level of 10,994 m and has the name "Challenger abyss" (after the name of the corvette of the same name, which first explored the trench). The length of the trench is about 1500 km. Despite such a significant depth and extent, there are no signs of the presence of the Mariana Trench under the ocean water on the surface. Every year, hundreds of ships make commercial voyages from Japan to Australia, as well as from North America to the Philippines, pass over it unhindered.
The whole history of mankind is an ongoing research. Considering that 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by the little-studied World Ocean with an average depth of 3.7 km, there are still a lot of secrets and mysteries that mankind has not yet unraveled.
On the this moment The most studied and deepest underwater plain is the Abyssal Plain. Its depth varies from 2 to 6 km. Only with the use of modern equipment has it become possible to study the landscape of the plain. In addition, hundreds of volcanoes and mountain ranges, formed as a result of the movement of ancient tectonic plates, remain unexplored under the thickness of oceanic waters. Landscape depressions at the bottom of the oceans, having a depth of more than 6 kilometers, are commonly called trenches. Similar trenches are found in all the oceans of the Earth, but their maximum accumulation is in the Pacific.
The main difficulty associated with the study of the flora and fauna of such extreme depths is associated with an insufficient level of development of technology. To take samples from the bottom of depressions, plains and trenches, the "capture" method is used. This method is quite economical, but the pressure at such colossal depths reaches 108.6 MPa (1072 times higher than atmospheric pressure), which necessitates the use of the most durable materials.
So, one of the latest studies of the Mariana Trench was made in March 2012 by the American film director James Cameron. A single-seat bathyscaphe was used to take samples of living organisms and rocks, as well as to take photos and videos. "Deepsea Challenger"(see photo above), which reached a depth of 10,908 meters.
In areas with more active thermal springs coral polyps that live at sufficient depths grow up to 1.5 meters with meter-long tentacles, while their relatives from shallower depths are about 10 centimeters tall. Currently, the study of the Mariana Trench continues. Scientists claim that about 2-5% of the filling of the bottom of the deepest place on the planet has been investigated.
February 16th, 2010
The Mariana Trench, or the Mariana Trench, is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean, which is the deepest geographic feature known on Earth.
The depression stretches along the Mariana Islands for 1500 km; it has a V-shaped profile, steep (7–9°) slopes, and a flat bottom 1–5 km wide, which is divided by rapids into several closed depressions. At the bottom, the water pressure reaches 108.6 MPa, which is more than 1100 times higher than normal. atmospheric pressure at the level of the oceans. The depression is located at the border of the docking of two tectonic plates, in the zone of movement along faults, where the Pacific plate goes under the Philippine plate.
The study of the Mariana Trench was initiated by the British expedition of the Challenger vessel, which carried out the first systematic measurements of the depths of the Pacific Ocean. This military three-masted corvette with sailing equipment was rebuilt into an oceanographic vessel for hydrological, geological, chemical, biological and meteorological work in 1872. Soviet researchers also made a significant contribution to the study of the Mariana Trench. In 1958, an expedition on the Vityaz established the presence of life at depths of more than 7000 m, thereby refuting the then prevailing idea that life was impossible at depths of more than 6000-7000 m. In 1960, the Trieste bathyscaphe was immersed to the bottom Mariana Trench to a depth of 10915 m.
The device recording sounds began to transmit noises to the surface, reminiscent of the grinding of saw teeth on metal. At the same time, vague shadows appeared on the TV monitor, similar to giant fairy dragons. These creatures had several heads and tails. An hour later, scientists on the American research vessel Glomar Challenger became worried that the unique apparatus, made from ultra-strong titanium-cobalt steel beams in the NASA laboratory, having a spherical structure, the so-called "hedgehog" with a diameter of about 9 m, could remain in the abyss forever. It was decided to raise it immediately. "Hedgehog" was removed from the depths for more than eight hours. As soon as he appeared on the surface, he was immediately put on a special raft. The TV camera and echo sounder were lifted onto the deck of the Glomar Challenger. It turned out that the strongest steel beams of the structure were deformed, and the 20-centimeter steel cable on which it was lowered turned out to be half sawn. Who tried to leave the “hedgehog” at depth and why is an absolute mystery. The details of this most interesting experiment, conducted by American oceanologists in the Mariana Trench, were published in 1996 by the New York Times (USA).
This is not the only case of a collision with the inexplicable in the depths of the Mariana Trench. Something similar happened to the German research vehicle "Hyfish" with a crew on board. Once at a depth of 7 km, the device suddenly refused to float. Finding out the cause of the malfunction, the hydronauts turned on the infrared camera. What they saw in the next few seconds seemed to them a collective hallucination: a huge prehistoric lizard, biting its teeth into a bathyscaphe, tried to crack it like a nut. Having come to their senses, the crew activated a device called an "electric gun". The monster, struck by a powerful discharge, disappeared into the abyss.
The inexplicable and incomprehensible has always attracted people, so scientists around the world are so eager to answer the question: “What is the Mariana Trench hiding in its depths?”
Can living organisms live at such a great depth, and how should they look, given that they are pressed by huge masses of ocean water, the pressure of which exceeds 1100 atmospheres? The difficulties associated with the study and comprehension of the creatures that live at these unimaginable depths are enough, but human ingenuity knows no bounds. For a long time, oceanologists considered the hypothesis that at depths of more than 6000 m in impenetrable darkness, under monstrous pressure and at temperatures close to zero, life could exist to be insane. However, the research results of scientists in pacific ocean showed that even in these depths, far below the 6000-meter mark, there are huge colonies of living organisms pogonophora ((pogonophora; from the Greek pogon - beard and phoros - bearing), a type of marine invertebrate animals that live in long chitinous, open from both tube ends). V Lately the veil of secrecy was opened by manned and automatic, made of heavy-duty materials, underwater vehicles equipped with video cameras. As a result, a rich community of animals was discovered, consisting of both well-known and less familiar maritime groups.
Thus, at depths of 6000 - 11000 km, the following were found:
Barophilic bacteria (developing only at high pressure),
Of the protozoa, foraminifera (a detachment of the protozoan subclass of rhizopods with a cytoplasmic body dressed in a shell) and xenophyophores (barophilic bacteria from protozoa);
Of the multicellular - polychaete worms, isopods, amphipods, holothurians, bivalves and gastropods.
At depths there is no sunlight, no algae, salinity is constant, temperatures are low, an abundance of carbon dioxide, enormous hydrostatic pressure (increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters). What do the inhabitants of the abyss eat?
The food sources of deep animals are bacteria, as well as the rain of "corpses" and organic detritus coming from above; deep animals or blind, or with very developed eyes, often telescopic; many fish and cephalopods with photofluores; in other forms, the surface of the body or parts of it glow. Therefore, the appearance of these animals is as terrible and incredible as the conditions in which they live. Among them are frightening-looking worms 1.5 meters long, without a mouth and anus, mutant octopuses, unusual starfish and some soft-bodied creatures two meters long, which have not yet been identified at all.
So, a person could never resist the desire to explore the unknown, and the rapidly developing world of technological progress allows you to penetrate deeper and deeper into the secret world of the most inhospitable and recalcitrant environment in the world - the oceans. There will be enough objects for research in the Mariana Trench for many years to come, given that the most inaccessible and mysterious point of our planet, unlike Everest (altitude 8848 m), was conquered only once. So, on January 23, 1960, US Navy officer Don Walsh and Swiss explorer Jacques Picard, protected by armored, 12-centimeter-thick walls of a bathyscaphe called Trieste, managed to descend to a depth of 10,915 meters.
Despite the fact that scientists have made a huge step in the research of the Mariana Trench, the questions have not decreased, new mysteries have appeared that have yet to be solved. And the ocean abyss knows how to keep its secrets. Will people be able to reveal them in the near future?
On January 23, 1960, Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Donald Walsh in the Trieste bathyscaphe at a depth of 10,919 m reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest place in the World Ocean. The water temperature at this depth was 2.4 ° C (the minimum temperature is 1.4 ° С, was observed at a depth of 3600 m). The Trieste bathyscaphe was designed and developed by Jacques' father, the famous Swiss stratospheric explorer Auguste Piccard.
The dimensions of the capsule, which housed the researchers inside the bathyscaphe, are small in relation to the size of the submarine as a whole. In particular, it is markedly outnumbered by metal-ballasted tanks, one of which is visible at the top left.
Trieste, like other bathyscaphes, was a pressurized steel spherical gondola for the crew, attached to a large float filled with gasoline to provide buoyancy. On the outer wall of the Trieste bathyscaphe, a model of a Deep Sea wristwatch was fixed. A high degree of water protection was provided not only by a sealed case, but also by a special liquid that filled the inner chamber of the watch instead of air.
Bathyscaphe floats on the principle of an iron. In the surface state, it is held by a huge float filled with gasoline located above the gondola with the crew. The float has another important function: in a submerged position, it stabilizes the bathyscaphe vertically, preventing swinging and overturning. When gasoline is slowly released from the float, which is replaced by water, the bathyscaphe begins to dive. From this moment on, the apparatus has only one way - down to the bottom. In this case, of course, it is also possible to move in a horizontal direction with the help of propellers driven by the engine.
In order to rise to the surface, a metal ballast is provided in the bathyscaphe, which can be shot, plates or blanks. Gradually freed from the "excess weight", the apparatus rises. The metal ballast is held by electromagnets, so if something happens to the power supply system, then the bathyscaphe immediately, like a balloon starting into the sky, “soars” up.
One of the achievements of this dive, which had a beneficial effect on the ecological future of the planet, was the refusal of nuclear powers to bury radioactive waste at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The fact is that Jacques Picard experimentally refuted the then prevailing opinion that at depths of more than 6000 m there is no upward movement of water masses.
Comparison with Everest
Despite the fact that the oceans are closer to us than the outer planets of the solar system, people have explored only five percent of the ocean floor, which remains one of the greatest mysteries of our planet. The deepest part of the ocean - the Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is one of the most famous places about which we don't know much. With water pressure that is a thousand times greater than at sea level, diving into this place is akin to suicide. But thanks to modern technology and a few brave souls who, risking their lives, went down there, we learned a lot of interesting things about this amazing place.
The Mariana Trench or the Mariana Trench is located in the Western Pacific Ocean to the east (about 200 km) of the 15 Mariana Islands near Guam. It is a crescent-shaped trench in the earth's crust, about 2550 km long and 69 km wide on average.
The coordinates of the Mariana Trench are 11°22′ north latitude and 142°35′ east longitude.
According to the latest research in 2011, the depth of the deepest point of the Mariana Trench is about 10,994 meters ± 40 meters. For comparison, the height of high peak world - Everest is 8,848 meters. This means that if Everest were in the Mariana Trench, it would be covered by another 2.1 km of water.
Here are others Interesting Facts about what you can meet along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench.
1. Very hot water
Going down to such a depth, we expect that it will be very cold there. The temperature here reaches just above zero, varying from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface of the Pacific Ocean, there are hydrothermal vents called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.
This water is rich in minerals that help support life in the area. Despite the temperature of the water, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, the water does not boil here due to the incredible water pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.
2 Giant Toxic Amoebas
A few years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, giant 10-centimeter amoebas called xenophyophores were discovered. These single-celled organisms probably got so big because of the environment they live in at a depth of 10.6 km. The cold temperature, high pressure and lack of sunlight most likely contributed to the fact that these amoeba acquired huge sizes.
In addition, xenophyophores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to many elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead, which would kill other animals and people.
3. Clams
The strong water pressure in the Mariana Trench does not give any animal with a shell or bones a chance to survive. However, in 2012, shellfish were discovered in a trough near serpentine hydrothermal vents. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows living organisms to form. How the molluscs retained their shell under such pressure remains unknown.
In addition, hydrothermal vents release another gas, hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly to shellfish. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these mollusks to survive.
4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide
The Champagne Hydrothermal Spring of the Mariana Trench, which lies outside the Okinawa Trench near Taiwan, is the only known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be found. The spring, discovered in 2005, got its name from the bubbles that turned out to be carbon dioxide.
Many believe that these springs, called "white smokers" because of the lower temperature, may be the source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with low temperatures and an abundance of chemicals and energy that life could originate.
5. Slime
If we had the opportunity to swim to the very depths of the Mariana Trench, we would feel that it is covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in its usual form, does not exist there. The bottom of the depression is mainly composed of crushed shells and plankton remains that have sunk to the bottom for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of the water, almost everything there turns into fine greyish-yellow thick mud.
6. Liquid sulfur
The Daikoku Volcano, which is located at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Trench, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. There is a lake of pure molten sulfur. The only place where liquid sulfur can be found is Jupiter's moon Io.
In this pit, called the "cauldron," the bubbling black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists have not been able to explore this place in detail, it is possible that even more liquid sulfur is contained deeper. This may reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.
According to the Gaia hypothesis, our planet is one self-governing organism in which all living and non-living things are connected to support its life. If this hypothesis is correct, then a number of signals can be observed in the natural cycles and systems of the Earth. So the sulfur compounds created by organisms in the ocean must be stable enough in the water to allow them to pass into the air and back to land again.
7. Bridges
At the end of 2011, four stone bridges were discovered in the Mariana Trench, which stretched from one end to the other for 69 km. They appear to have formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.
One of the Dutton Ridge bridges, which was opened back in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high, like a small mountain. In the high point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km above the "Challenger Deep". Like many aspects of the Mariana Trench, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the very fact that these formations were discovered in one of the most mysterious and unexplored places is amazing.
8James Cameron's dive into the Mariana Trench
Since the discovery of the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep in 1875, only three people have been here. The first were American lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Picard, who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Challenger.
After 52 years, another person ventured here - the famous film director James Cameron. So on March 26, 2012, Cameron went down to the bottom and took some photos. During James Cameron's 2012 dive to the Challenger Abyss in the DeepSea Challenge submersible, he tried to observe everything that was going on in the place until mechanical problems forced him to rise to the surface.
While he was at the deepest point in the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary things in the Mariana Trench sea monsters or some miracle. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was "lunar...empty...lonely" and he felt "completely isolated from all mankind".
9. Mariana Trench
10. The Mariana Trench in the ocean is the largest reserve
The Mariana Trench is a US National Monument and the largest marine reserve in the world. Since it is a monument, there are a number of rules for those who want to visit this place. Within its borders, fishing and mining are strictly prohibited here. However, swimming is allowed here, so you may be the next one to venture into the most deep place in the ocean.
The relief of the earth's surface is very diverse. From space it looks like a smooth ball, but in fact, on its surface there are both the highest mountains and the deepest depressions. Where is the deepest place on earth located? ocean or land?
In contact with
The World Ocean is a huge expanse of water that occupies more than 71% of the Earth's surface. It includes all the seas and our planet. The relief of the ocean floor complex and varied, its waters are the habitat of millions of living organisms.
The deepest ocean in the world is the Pacific. The map shows that it occupies a huge area and borders on Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Antarctica. More than 49.5% of the total water space of the Earth contains the Pacific Ocean itself. Its bottom is a mixture of relict relief with transgressive plains. Most of the ocean floor elevations are of tectonic origin. There are hundreds of natural underwater canyons and ridges. The deepest trench in the world is located in the Pacific Ocean. Mariana Trench.
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench (or the Mariana Trench) is a deep oceanic trench, considered deepest known on earth. It received its name in honor of the Mariana Islands, in the neighborhood of which it is located. This is the deepest and mysterious place in the Pacific Ocean.
Scientists have been studying the Mariana Trench since the late 19th century. This is the deepest trench recorded by researchers.
Then they did not have good equipment at their disposal, so the data that was obtained is not true. In 1875, a deep water lot set the depth. This lowest point on earth.
During the same period, the deepest place on Earth began to be called the "Challenger Abyss" on behalf of the British ship on which the explorers sailed. Secondarily, the Mariana Trench was measured in 1951.
In the middle of the last century, scientists managed to study the depression more and establish its depth at 10,863 m. In the future, many research ships visited the Challenger Deep. The most accurate results were obtained in 1957. Then the depth of the depression was 11,023 m.
Important! Now the depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,994 meters below sea level, this is the deepest place in the ocean known today.
Inhabitants of the ocean floor
Even at present, the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has not been fully studied, because it is the deepest ocean in the world. Many places in the Mariana Trench remain unexplored, because at such a great depth too high pressure. But, despite all the difficulties, people managed to descend to the depth of the depression. The first dive into the deepest trench happened in 1960. Scientist Jacques Picard and US Navy soldier Don Walsh descended to a record depth of 10,918 meters. During the dive, people were inside the bathyscaphe. Scientists said that they saw at the bottom of the ocean flat 30-centimeter fish, outwardly similar to a flounder.
During further research, other living organisms were discovered:
- In 1995, Japanese researchers found foraminifera - living organisms that live at a depth of 10,911 m.
- During a series of dives by American scientists, fish of the opisthoproct family were found, football fish and frilled shark.
- In the course of numerous studies, the bottom of the Mariana Trench was studied by special probes, which were photographed at a depth of 6000–8000 m of angler, sea devil and other terrifying fish.
There are legends that huge 25-meter sharks are found in the Mariana Trench. Scientists even found trophies - bones, shark teeth and other fossils. But this does not indicate that sharks still live there now. Perhaps they were here far in antiquity.
The deepest places in the world's oceans
Each of the four oceans has its own deep place. The lowest point is in the Pacific Ocean, but what about other trenches and depressions?
Puerto Rico Trench
The Puerto Rico Ocean Trench is located at the junction caribbean and Atlantic Ocean. The absolute depth of the trench reaches 8385 m. This area, due to the structure of the relief, is often subject to tremors and high volcanic activity. Nearby islands suffer from constant tsunamis and earthquakes.
Java depression
Java Depression (or Sunda Trench) - the deepest place indian ocean. Gutter stretches for 4-5 thousand kilometers, and the lowest point reaches 7729 m. The name of the depression was due to the proximity to the island of Java. The bottom of the trench is an alternation of plains and canyons with ridges and ledges.
Greenland Sea
The part of the Arctic Ocean that is located on crossing Iceland with Greenland and Jan Mayen Island is called the Greenland Sea.
Sea area - 1.2 million square meters. km. Average depth of water area is 1444 m, and the deepest point is 5527 m below sea level. Most of the relief of the seabed is a huge basin with underwater ridges.
This deepest trench in Europe. There is a lot of commercial fish here, which is caught by fishermen of nearby islands.
Inland basins of Russia
Deep depressions are located not only in the waters of the oceans. A striking example of this is the Baikal Rift, located in. The lake itself is considered the deepest on Earth, so it is not surprising that the lowest inland place is located here. Lake Baikal is surrounded by mountains, so the elevation differences between ocean level and the rift exceeds the mark of 3615 m.
Important! The depression reaches 1637 m in depth and is the largest depth of Lake Baikal.
Depression of Lake Ladoga. Ladoga lake located in the Republic of Karelia. He is considered the largest freshwater lake on the territory of Europe. The average depth of the lake ranges from 70-220 m, but it reaches its absolute maximum in one place - 223 m below sea level.
Caspian Sea. Caspian lake located on the border of Europe and Asia. It is the largest enclosed body of water on earth, which is why it is often referred to as the Caspian Sea.
On the Russian side, the reservoir borders on the Volga islands and, but most of the Caspian Sea is located on the territory of Kazakhstan. Max Depth lake is 1025 m below sea level.
Khanty lake. Occupies third place among the deepest places in Russia. The maximum depth here reaches 420 m. The reservoir is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There is not much data about this place, but this is enough to make Khantai Lake one of the deepest places in Russia.
inland depressions
Our Earth is rich in relief. You can see many high mountains, thousands of endless plains and hundreds of depressions. Below is a list of the deepest places recorded worldwide:
- The Jordan Rift Valley (Ghor) is located at the crossroads of Syria, Jordan and Israel. The deepest place is 804 m.
- The depression of Lake Tanganyika is located in Central Africa and is longest freshwater lake in the world. The deepest place is 696 m.
- The Great Slave Lake Depression is located in Canada. The lowest point is 614 m. This is the deepest trench in North America.
- Great Bear Lake Depression - also located in Canada and is rich uranium deposits. The deepest place is 288 m.
Science's view of the deepest places
Dive to the bottom of the earth with Cameron
Conclusion
In fact, there are dozens of deep places in the world. Many of them can be found at the bottom of reservoirs, others - in the Earth itself. This topic is quite interesting, and scientists are studying such places. Now you know where the deepest place on Earth is located, in which ocean situated deepest depression and what interesting places world are studied by experts.
From the dark depths of the ocean to some of the tallest peaks on Earth, below are twenty-five of the world's most vast, highest, deepest and tiniest places!
25. The deepest lake is Lake Baikal
This Siberian rift lake is not only the most deep lake on Earth, but it also has the largest volume and contains approximately 20 percent of the fresh water of the entire surface of the Earth.
24. Most high mountain- Everest
As you may have suspected, Everest is officially recognized as the most high mountain in the world. But that's only if we start our measurement at sea level...
23. The highest mountain from the base to the top - Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea, volcano on big island Hawaii is more than twice the height of Everest, measured from the base of the mountain, which is on the seabed, to its peak.
22. The point farthest from the center of the Earth - Mount Chimborazo
Due to the bulge of the Earth at the equator, the peak of Mount Everest is also not the most distant point from the center of the Earth. This honor belongs to the summit of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.
21. The lowest point on Earth - the Challenger Deep
This depression, located at a depth of almost 11 kilometers below the surface of the ocean, is the most deep point the already deep Mariana Trench. In fact, Everest would fit comfortably below the surface here.
20. Most high waterfall- Angel Falls
This waterfall in Venezuela is so high that the water sometimes evaporates before it reaches the ground.
19. Most dry place- Atacama Desert
in the middle chilean desert Atacama (Atacama Desert) there is a point where the rain never fell. Scientists call this region "absolute desert".
18. The highest human settlement - La Rinconada (La Rinconada)
This mining town, located in Peru, is located in the highest inhabited region the globe. At an altitude higher than the location of La Rinconada, a person simply will not be able to adapt.
17. The highest temperature - Death Valley
With a recorded temperature of almost 57 degrees Celsius, Death Valley in California in Once again recently became the hottest place on Earth.
16. The most remote inhabited place on Earth - Tristan da Cunha (Tristan da Cunha)
This small archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, located thousands of kilometers from South Africa, and from South America, has a population of 271 people. The mail only reaches here a few times a year.
15. Most deep cave- Cave Krubera-Crow
This cave, located in Abkhazia, is the only one famous cave in the world, whose depth exceeds 2,000 meters.
14. The largest elevation difference is Mount Thor
Mount Thor, located in Canada, has a height of 1250 meters and despite its very remote location in the frozen tundra of the northern provinces of Canada, it is popular place for climbing.
13. Hottest inhabited place - Dallol, Ethiopia
The hottest permanently inhabited region in the world is in Ethiopia. Although these days Dallol has become even less populated and some even say that it has become a ghost town. However, it is also worth noting that there has been no official census in this region for a long time, so the studies are based on previously obtained data.
12. The most northern point of land on Earth - Kaffeklubben Island (Kaffeklubben Island)
This island belonging to Greenland is officially considered the most northern point sushi on earth. However, there are several slow-moving gravel bars that lie further north.
11. Lowest Temperature - Vostok Station, Antarctica 
-89.2°C - this temperature was recorded in East Antarctica and, apart from some new satellite measurements, is still considered the lowest land temperature ever recorded.
10 Deepest Ice - Bentley Subglacial Trench
This place is also located in Antarctica, and the depth of the local ice exceeds 2.5 kilometers. In fact, the land it rests on is well below sea level and is the lowest point on Earth not covered by an ocean.
9. Deepest point measured from ground level - Kola Superdeep Well
Although it was artificially created, this Russian science project tried to get as deep as possible into the earth's crust. The drill reached a depth exceeding 12 kilometers.
8. The deepest point made by man - TauTona Mine (TauTona Mine)
This South African mine is the deepest point under the surface of the Earth that a person could fit into. Its depth is almost 4 kilometers.
7. The coldest locality- Oymyakon, Russia
Temperatures sometimes drop below freezing in mid-September and stay there until May. average temperature in January it is -46 ° C. The population of the village is less than 500 people.
6. The highest road is the Aucanquilcha mining road
This mining road was once used for trucks climbing this Chilean volcano to a height of over 6,000 meters.
5. The highest mountain pass - Marsimik La, India 
Although the Volcanic Mountain Road we saw in the previous paragraph is technically the highest road in the world, it is a dead end and is no longer in use. In contrast, the Marsimik-La pass, located at an altitude of 5,582 meters in northern India often considered the highest functional road in the world.
4. The highest lake - Lake Titicaca (Titicaca)
This lake is located on the border of Peru and Bolivia in the Andes at an altitude of 3,812 meters. There are several unnamed crater lakes in the world that may be located slightly higher.
3. The most remote island - Bouvet Island
This small uninhabited Norwegian island in the South Atlantic Ocean lies between Antarctica and Tristan da Cunha (a place that, you remember, is quite remote in itself).
2. The longest river is the Nile
Despite the difficulty in accurately calculating the sources and directions of the various rivers, the Nile is generally considered to be the longest river in the world. Its length is 6,650 kilometers. In ancient times, when water was still flowing from Lake Tanganyika, the Nile was 1,500 kilometers longer.
1. The farthest point from the ocean - Xinjiang, China
This region in China is the Asian pole of inaccessibility. This basically means that it is the furthest point on the continent from any ocean.
