Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface earth's crust or the crust of another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs), and pyroclastic flows.
The word "volcano" comes from ancient Roman mythology and comes from the name of the ancient Roman fire god Vulcan.
The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology, geomorphology.
Volcanoes are classified according to their shape (shield, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, domes), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater, subglacial), etc.
Volcanic activity
Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant, extinct and dormant. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted in a historical period of time or in the Holocene. The concept of active is rather inaccurate, since a volcano that has active fumaroles is classified by some scientists as active, and some as extinct. Dormant volcanoes are considered inactive, on which eruptions are possible, and extinct - on which they are unlikely.
However, among volcanologists there is no consensus on how to define an active volcano. The period of volcano activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes showed volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but are not currently considered active.
Astrophysicists, in a historical aspect, believe that volcanic activity, caused, in turn, by the tidal action of other celestial bodies, can contribute to the emergence of life. In particular, it was volcanoes that contributed to the formation of the earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere, releasing a significant amount of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Scientists also note that too active volcanism, such as on Jupiter's moon Io, can make the planet's surface uninhabitable. At the same time, weak tectonic activity leads to the disappearance of carbon dioxide and sterilization of the planet. "These two cases represent potential habitable boundaries for planets and exist alongside traditional life zone parameters for low-mass main-sequence star systems," the scientists write.
Types of volcanic structures
In general, volcanoes are divided into linear and central, but this division is arbitrary, since most volcanoes are confined to linear tectonic faults (faults) in the earth's crust.
Linear volcanoes or fissure-type volcanoes have extended supply channels associated with a deep split of the crust. As a rule, basaltic liquid magma pours out of such cracks, which, spreading to the sides, forms large lava covers. Gently sloping spatter ridges, wide flat cones, and lava fields appear along the fissures. If the magma has a more acidic composition (higher silica content in the melt), linear extrusive rolls and massifs are formed. When explosive eruptions occur, explosive ditches tens of kilometers long can occur.
The forms of volcanoes of the central type depend on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Hot and easily mobile basaltic magmas create vast and flat shield volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands). If a volcano periodically erupts either lava or pyroclastic material, a cone-shaped layered structure, a stratovolcano, arises. The slopes of such a volcano are usually covered with deep radial ravines - barrancos. Volcanoes of the central type can be purely lava, or formed only by volcanic products - volcanic slag, tuffs, etc. formations, or be mixed - stratovolcanoes.
There are monogenic and polygenic volcanoes. The first arose as a result of a single eruption, the second - multiple eruptions. Viscous, acidic in composition, low-temperature magma, squeezing out from the vent, forms extrusive domes (Montagne-Pele's needle, 1902).
In addition to calderas, there are also large negative landforms associated with sagging under the influence of the weight of erupted volcanic material and a pressure deficit at depth that arose during the unloading of the magma chamber. Such structures are called volcano-tectonic depressions. Volcano-tectonic depressions are very widespread and often accompany the formation of thick strata of ignimbrites - acidic volcanic rocks of different genesis. They are lava or formed by baked or welded tuffs. They are characterized by lenticular segregations of volcanic glass, pumice, lava, called fiamme, and a tuff or tof-like structure of the groundmass. As a rule, large volumes of ignimbrites are associated with shallow magma chambers formed due to melting and replacement of host rocks. Negative landforms associated with volcanoes of the central type are represented by calderas - large rounded failures, several kilometers in diameter.
Classification of volcanoes by shape
The shape of a volcano depends on the composition of the lava it erupts; five types of volcanoes are usually considered:
- Shield volcanoes, or "shield volcanoes". Formed as a result of repeated ejections of liquid lava. This form is characteristic of volcanoes erupting low-viscosity basaltic lava: it flows for a long time both from the central vent and from the side craters of the volcano. Lava evenly spreads over many kilometers; Gradually, a wide “shield” with gentle edges is formed from these layers. Example - Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, where lava flows straight into the ocean; its height from the foot at the bottom of the ocean is about ten kilometers (while the underwater base of the volcano has a length of 120 km and a width of 50 km).
- Slag cones. During the eruption of such volcanoes, large fragments of porous slag are piled up around the crater in layers in the form of a cone, and small fragments form sloping slopes at the foot; with each eruption, the volcano gets higher and higher. This is the most common type of volcano on land. They are no more than a few hundred meters high. An example is the Plosky Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, which exploded in December 2012.
- Stratovolcanoes, or "layered volcanoes". Periodically erupt lava (viscous and thick, quickly solidifying) and pyroclastic substance - a mixture of hot gas, ash and red-hot stones; as a result, deposits on their cone (sharp, with concave slopes) alternate. The lava of such volcanoes also flows out of cracks, solidifying on the slopes in the form of ribbed corridors, which serve as a support for the volcano. Examples - Etna, Vesuvius, Fujiyama.
- dome volcanoes. They are formed when viscous granite magma, rising from the bowels of the volcano, cannot flow down the slopes and freezes at the top, forming a dome. It clogs its mouth, like a cork, which, over time, is kicked out by the gases accumulated under the dome. Such a dome is now forming over the crater of Mount St. Helens in the northwestern United States, formed during the 1980 eruption.
- Complex (mixed, compound) volcanoes.
Eruption
Volcanic eruptions are geological emergencies that can lead to natural disasters. The eruption process can last from several hours to many years. Among the various classifications, general types of eruptions stand out:
- Hawaiian type - ejections of liquid basalt lava, lava lakes often form, should resemble scorching clouds or hot avalanches.
- Hydroexplosive type - eruptions occurring in the shallow waters of the oceans and seas are distinguished by the formation a large number steam generated by the contact of red-hot magma and sea water.
Post-volcanic phenomena
After eruptions, when the activity of the volcano either ceases forever, or it "dozes" for thousands of years, processes associated with the cooling of the magma chamber and called post-volcanic processes persist on the volcano itself and its environs. These include fumaroles, thermal baths, geysers.
During eruptions, sometimes a collapse of a volcanic structure occurs with the formation of a caldera - a large depression with a diameter of up to 16 km and a depth of up to 1000 m. When magma rises, the external pressure weakens, the gases and liquid products associated with it break out to the surface, and the volcano erupts. If ancient rocks, and not magma, are brought to the surface, and water vapor, formed during the heating of groundwater, predominates among the gases, then such an eruption is called phreatic. 
Lava that has risen to the earth's surface does not always come out to this surface. It only raises layers of sedimentary rocks and solidifies in the form of a compact body (laccolith), forming a kind of system of low mountains. In Germany, such systems include the Rhön and Eifel regions. On the latter, another post-volcanic phenomenon is observed in the form of lakes that fill the craters of former volcanoes that failed to form a characteristic volcanic cone (the so-called maars).
Heat sources
One of the unsolved problems of manifestation of volcanic activity is the determination of the heat source necessary for the local melting of the basalt layer or mantle. Such melting must be highly localized, since the passage of seismic waves shows that the crust and upper mantle are usually in a solid state. Moreover, the thermal energy must be sufficient to melt huge volumes of solid material. For example, in the United States in the Columbia River Basin (Washington and Oregon), the volume of basalts is more than 820 thousand km³; the same large strata of basalts are found in Argentina (Patagonia), India (Decan Plateau) and South Africa (Great Karoo Rise). There are currently three hypotheses. Some geologists believe that the melting is due to local high concentrations of radioactive elements, but such concentrations in nature seem unlikely; others suggest that tectonic disturbances in the form of shifts and faults are accompanied by the release of thermal energy. There is another point of view, according to which the upper mantle is in a solid state under conditions of high pressures, and when the pressure drops due to cracking, it melts and liquid lava flows out of the cracks.
Areas of volcanic activity
The main areas of volcanic activity are South America, Central America, Java, Melanesia, Japanese islands, Kurile Islands, Kamchatka, northwestern USA, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Atlantic Ocean.
mud volcanoes
Mud volcanoes are small volcanoes through which not magma comes to the surface, but liquid mud and gases from the earth's crust. Mud volcanoes are much smaller than ordinary volcanoes. The mud usually comes to the surface cold, but the gases erupted by mud volcanoes often contain methane and can ignite during the eruption, creating a picture similar to a miniature eruption of an ordinary volcano.
In our country, mud volcanoes are most common in Taman Peninsula, are also found in Siberia, near the Caspian Sea and in Kamchatka. On the territory of other CIS countries, most of all mud volcanoes are in Azerbaijan, they are in Georgia and in the Crimea.
Volcanoes on other planets
Volcanoes in culture
- Painting by Karl Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii";
- Movies "Volcano", "Dante's Peak" and a scene from the movie "2012".
- A volcano near the Eyjafjallajökull glacier in Iceland during its eruption became the hero of a huge number of humorous programs, TV news stories, reports and folk art discussing events in the world.
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Lesson on cognitive research activities for children senior group.
Topic. Volcanoes. Eruption of volcanoes.
Program content:
1. To enrich the consciousness of children with content that contributes to the accumulation of ideas about the environment: about objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, to introduce natural phenomenon- volcanic eruption on the example of experience.
2. Expand vocabulary, motivate them in independent statements; activate vocabulary in speech practice, with such words: lava, magma, ash, volcano, crater, crater, volcanic bombs, dormant volcano, geysers, geologists, volcanologists.
3. Raise interest and desire for conscious knowledge of the world around us, create conditions for independent, cognitive activity of children. Support the child's desire to actively engage in interactions with peers and adults, to form friendly relations between peers. Encourage children to independently form conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on receiving earlier ideas and their own proposals.
Problem. Is it possible to create a volcanic eruption on your own?
Material. Pallets, cups with detergent, red gouache, vinegar, volcano model, napkins, Volcanoes and Geysers cartoon; riddles, poems, legends about volcanoes, rebus "volcano"
Forms of work. Interactive methods: greeting, brainstorming, thin and thick question method, Microphone technology; conversation, observation, experiment.
Preliminary work. Learning riddles about volcanoes, studying information about them in various sources (encyclopedia, Internet, TV) creating a cognitive corner in the group by children, parents and educators kindergarten"Volcanoes", viewing educational cartoons, presentations on this topic; create a slide folder on the topic: “Very interesting about volcanoes” (participants are parents and children).
Lesson progress
Guys, look how many guests we have today! These are teachers from other groups who came to our lesson, let's greet them - Good morning!
Warm up. All the children gathered in a circle
You are my friend and I am your friend!
Let's hold hands together
And we smile at each other.
Guys, let's greet each other with our eyes, and now with smiles. Guys, today we received a telegram from Vseznamus (our professor friend).
(The teacher reads out a telegram from the Know-It-All).
Dear my friends!
I won't be able to visit you today. But I left you a riddle-rebus so that you are the topic of today's interesting lesson.
(The riddle-rebus is placed on the board).
R V WITH At F L b TO W A E H
Task for children:
Remove the first letter?
What is this letter? (R)
What is the second? (V)
And now the task of the riddle-rebus:
Need to remove every second letter?
Children remove letters, name them?
Let's read, what word did we get?
VOLCANO
How many letters are in this word?
How many sounds?
How many vowels and which ones?
(The teacher puts up a poster with a picture of a volcano)
We have guys who prepared poems and riddles about the volcano.
I spit fire and lava
I am a dangerous giant
I am not famous for good fame
What is my name…… (Volcano)
I am a black scary giant
What should I do - I decide for myself
Can I sleep, can I breathe
Spew fire and ashes
Well try to guess
What is my name? (Volcano)
Magma rushes out through the vent
She really needs an exit from the crater
If the passage to the surface is given to her,
So, the formidable woke up .... (Volcano)
On a planet in mountainous countries
Know a lot about volcanoes
And volcanoes behave
Sometimes a little weird...
They smoke, they spit,
That stream is poured hot
Brainstorming exercise
Topic. "What is a volcano?"
A volcano is a geological formation, a conical mountain with a crater on top, through which fire, lava, ash, hot gases erupt from the bowels of the earth.
Examination of visibility of the volcano.
Let's go visit the volcano and find out for sure about it.
We walked along the path
And we didn't count the crows
Boldly we go forward
Where the volcano is already waiting for us.
When we came to visit
You can call 1, 2, 3.
So we came to visit the volcano. Listen to an interesting legend. And Nastya will tell us her.
There lived a god named volcano (shows a picture of the god "volcano"). And he liked blacksmithing: to stand at the anvil, to beat iron with a heavy hammer, to fan the fire in the furnace. He built himself a blacksmith inside a tall mountain, and the mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When the volcano worked like a hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom. And the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire, and ashes flew out of the hole at the top of the mountain with a deafening roar. The volcano is working, - people said with fear, and went to live away from this place. Since then, people, all fire-breathing mountains began to be called volcanoes.
In our time, so that trouble does not happen. Scientists specifically observe volcanoes, such people are called volcanologists. They record their observations on a video camera. Now we will get to know them. (Watching a cartoon)
Method of thin and thick questions
Subtle questions
Is a volcano a mountain?
What is the name of the most big volcano in the world? (MAUNA-OLA)
Where is this volcano located, on land or under water?
Do other planets have volcanoes? Yes Mars.
Which country is the largest volcano in the world? IN USA.
Where did an extinct volcano wake up in 2011? On Kamchatka.
What are people who study volcanoes called? Volcanologists.
Thick questions
What types of volcanoes do you know? Active, dormant, dormant
What volcanoes are called extinct?
What do active volcanoes erupt? Ashes, volcanic bombs.
Explain why volcanic eruptions are very dangerous?
Explain the benefits of volcanic eruptions?
Tell me where you can learn about volcanoes? Internet, TV, newspapers, radio, encyclopedias, special institutes…….
What is the difference between current and extinct volcanoes?
What are geysers?
Guys, today we will again go to our laboratory of "Interesting Discoveries".
Tell me guys, why do you and I come to the laboratory? (To learn something new and interesting).
Guys, do you know who geologists are? (Geologists are people who study the riches of the Earth).
Children, do you want to become geologists today and learn something new and interesting about the bowels of our Earth? (Yes, we want). Let's all go together to our laboratory and tell what we already know about the riches of our Earth. (Children talk about clay, oil, sand, chalk, water).
Scientists geologists still cannot fully know what is happening in the bowels of the Earth. Today they can judge the structure of the Earth's interior by volcanic ejecta.
You want to know why a volcano erupts and whether it is possible to create a volcano eruption on your own.
Look, All-knowing has prepared a model of a volcano for us. (Children, together with the teacher, approach the model of the volcano and organize a discussion)
There is a crater at the very top of the volcano. The crater is a huge bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom there is a reddish-orange mouth - this is the mouth of a volcano, a hole that goes deep into the ground. The fiery liquid coming out of a volcano is called lava. (Loud music plays).
Children, it seems our volcano "comes to life". Let's move away from the volcano. (Children watch the volcanic eruption). Volcanoes erupt in different ways. Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain is shaking from a terrible roar, a huge cloud of smoke and ash rises above it, stone rain showers slopes (volcanic waves). And it happens, it follows “calmly”. Interesting?! Do you want to do the experiment on your own in the laboratory: "volcanic eruption" Professor Vseznamus also helped us here. He prepared for us the scheme of this experience. Let's get a look:
The base of the volcano is made from a cardboard cone.
What is the mouth of a volcano made of? You can insert an empty plastic cup or jar inside. We put it all on pallets. Pour a spoonful of baking soda, add red paint and 5 drops of detergent (with a pipette).
And now attention!!! I have this liquid with a special sign. What does this sign mean? (you can’t use it yourself) it’s vinegar. Only an adult can pour. I will add it myself when you have everything ready. What are you observing? Watch your volcano erupt. He ejaculates calmly. Well done guys, you were attentive, did everything carefully, and everything turned out great for you! Now you know what a volcano is and how it erupts. When you are big, you will probably become scientists. You will study and protect our Earth.
microphone technology.
Conclusion: you can create a volcanic eruption yourself!
Summary of the lesson. Each child is awarded with a medal "Young Volcano Explorer".
There are about one and a half thousand volcanoes on our planet. Only twenty of them erupt annually.
There are three main types of volcanoes. The former include magma-spewing volcanoes, the second are magma-and-ash-spewing volcanoes, and the third type are ash-spewing volcanoes.
Word "Volcano" comes from Italian. vulcano, ascending to lat. Vulcanus "Vulcan" is the name of the ancient Roman god of fire. This was accepted in Ancient Rome, where volcanoes were considered the home of the fiery god. It is hardly possible to list all the gods worshiped by the ancient Romans, since their number is more than one hundred.
In the Middle Ages, they believed that the volcano is the entrance to hellish hell (hell).
One of the most big volcanoes world is called Mauna Loa. It literally translates from Hawaiian as " long mountain". The volcano occupies most of the island of Hawaii and is considered perhaps the most active in the world. Mauna Low has erupted exactly 33 times since it was first recorded in 1843. The last time the volcano came to life was in 1984. Then about 30 thousand acres of land were covered with lava, and the area of the island itself increased by 180 hectares.
50 km from Manila on the island of Luzon is located the smallest on the planet active volcano. It is called Taal - after the name of the lake where its crater is located in the form of a protruding island. Taal has erupted more than 30 times since 1572, the last time in 1965.
In Spain, there is a church in the crater of the Santa Margarita volcano.
Most high volcano in the world from Spanish it is translated as "salty eyes". Ojos del Salado is located on the border of Argentina and Chile, and rises to 6891 meters.
The longest period of eruption in the XX-XXI centuries was distinguished by Kilauea in Hawaii. Starting its activity on January 3, 1983, it continuously erupted for 29 years.
Volcanoes can be not only a natural disaster, but also the cause of unexpected events v cultural life. For example, in 1816 in Western Europe and North America unusually cold weather was observed, caused by the eruption of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. This year was nicknamed "the year without summer" and became the coldest since the beginning of weather records.
On some volcanic islands, such as Iceland and Hawaii, there are black beaches. Their sand is composed of basalt, a pyrogenic rock that forms when lava cools and breaks into grains of sand.
The lands on which volcanoes are located are the most fertile, due to the fact that the eruption saturates the soil with useful substances, such as phosphorus and potassium.
About twenty percent of all volcanoes on Earth are underwater.
Birds called maleos use the heat of the lava to hatch their chicks.
word lava borrowed from Italian (lava, lat. labor) and French(lave) in the 18th century. It means “I fall, crawl, slide, descend (down)”, or “that which descends” (down) as a result of a volcanic eruption. Lava flowing out reaches a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. The lava of different volcanoes is different. It differs in composition, color, temperature, impurities, etc.
In some volcanic areas, such as Iceland, hot magma energy can be used to heat water and power power plants. This type of energy is called geothermal (heat of the earth).
Volcanologists measure the magnitude of an eruption using the Volcanic Eruption Scale (VEI), where 0 means the weakest eruption and 8 the strongest. Eight is usually intended for the most powerful eruptions, popularly called "supervolcanoes".
To date, the most terrible volcanic eruption of the XX century is considered a volcanic eruption Mont Pelee on the island of Martinique in the West Indies in 1902. Then more than 30,000 people died, and only two survived: a shoemaker who lived on the edge of the island, and a prisoner who was saved by the thick walls of the prison. .
In 1963, an undersea volcano gave birth to the newest landmass on earth, Surtsey Island, which is located off the southwest coast of Iceland.
The largest ash ejection in the 20th-21st centuries was recorded on Mount St. Helens in 1980. In 9 hours, the mountain erupted about 540 million tons of ash, dispersed over an area of 57,000 square meters.
Australia has none active volcano, since it is located in the center of the tectonic platform.
Educator:
Hello guys!
Our business today is unusual. Our guests have arrived! Let's say hello to them!
Guys, we live on amazing planet, which is called what?
Let me give you a riddle.
"I went to different countries,
Sailing on rivers and oceans.
Bravely walked through the desert -
On one sheet of paper!
Geographic map. Children, tell me what is shown on the map?
Let's remember what is shown on the map in blue?
What about green, yellow and brown?
Guys, who will tell me what mountains are?
And what are these high hills made of?
Guys, let's go to our workshop with you. Can you guess what is in my bag?
That's right, they are rocks. But before we play with the stones, let's stretch our hands.
Finger gymnastics:
"Girls and boys are friends in our group,
We will make friends with you little fingers.
1,2,3,4,5, (alternately touching the fingers of both hands) - start counting again!
Guys, what good fellows you are! Now let's play with rocks. As you correctly guessed, I have stones in this bag (give stones to children). Tell me, how do they feel?
(Invite the children to pick up plasticine, squeeze both palms, where in one is a stone, and in the other is plasticine).
What happened to the stone, and what happened to plasticine?
Guys, look, we have bowls of water. What happens if we put a stone in water? Let's check it out.
Guys, I have another unusual stone. Let's look at it carefully. What does this stone have?
Do you think these holes are empty? Let's put this stone in the water too. (does not sink).
And what is inside these holes or holes?
And who can tell me what this unusual stone is called?
Yes, this stone is called - pumice. And we, in the course of our experiment, will find out how pumice appears.
We have experimented with stones. Mountains are made of rocks. Guys, do you know that there are unusual mountains from which lava erupts. What are their names? Solve the riddle.
"I spit fire and lava,
I am a dangerous giant.
I am glorious with bad fame,
And my name is Vulcan!!! (all answer together).
Right. This is a volcano. And today we will talk about volcanoes.
Now I will tell you the legend of how volcanoes appeared.
"There lived - there was a God in the world named Vulcan. It was a strange God - ugly and lame. But he was very strong and hardworking. And he liked blacksmithing: to stand at the anvil and beat iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire. And he built he was a forge for himself inside a tall mountain, and this mountain stood right in the middle of the sea.When Vulcan worked with a hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the rumble and roar reverberated far around.From the hole on the top of the mountain with a deafening roar, hot stones flew, fire and ashes. "Volcano works" - people said, and went to live away from these places. Since then, people began to call all fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.
(Slide number 1. Volcano).
Here is such interesting legend. Did you like her kids?
Guys, do you know how mountains are formed?
Guys, do you know where volcanoes can form?
And who can tell us all why it's erupting?
(Slide number 2. Picture of an erupting volcano).
What does a volcano look like?
What is the name of the top of the volcano?
And what about the deep hole that is inside the volcano itself?
(Slide number 3. Structures of the volcano).
Tell me, please, what is inside the volcano?
What is the name of the fiery liquid that is inside the volcano?
Why is there magma inside and lava out?
Guys, who knows how lava can erupt? After all, it can erupt in different ways.
How long can a volcano erupt for?
A scorched desert remains after a volcanic eruption. And this place will not soon appear life. Children, let's remember together what types of volcanoes exist?
(Slide number 4. Volcano - Diamond head on the island of Hawaii).
That's right, there are more - sleeping. Their eruption has not occurred for a long time, but it is still possible.
(Slide number 5. Teide volcano in Spain).
And active volcanoes are volcanoes that have erupted at least once in the memory of mankind.
(Slide No. 6. Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Russia. Kamchatka).
And by the way, this is the highest active volcano in Eurasia. What do you think, is it scary and dangerous for people to live near volcanoes?
What usually happens before a volcano erupts?
And can someone tell or help people and inform about the upcoming volcanic eruption?
Let us now be with you in the role of little volcanologists and try to make a volcanic eruption ourselves. To do this, I invite you again to our workshop. Where everything is ready for our experience with you. Let's warm up a bit and do some exercise.
We walk across the plain
One-two, one-two.
And now we're floating on the ice
One-two, one-two.
Here we go on the plateau,
One-two, one-two.
We climb the mountains
One-two, one-two.
And now we'll rest
And let's take our places!
Guys, now let's do a real experiment. Namely, revive the volcano. Yesterday we made a model of a volcano. It looks just like a real volcano. And in order for it to come to life, we need to do something!!!
There are cups of water in front of you. First you need to color this water red. Therefore, you still have red paint and brushes on the table. I think you can handle this task easily and simply!!!
After you color the water, you should add a teaspoon of baking soda to your cups of now red water. Soda is in a small glass. After adding soda, you should mix everything very well. Then you should add detergent to your cups at the tip of a teaspoon. And mix gently again. Then, we will pour the resulting liquid from your cups into the mouth of our volcano. And I carefully add vinegar to the vent.
Guys, it seems our volcano is coming to life! And, bubbling, lava comes out of it !!!
Centuries later, coughed evil
Volcano and ash and ashes.
Lava flowed down the slopes
And the earth was badly burned.
Volcano - thunders, volcano - puffs,
How ugly he looks.
But now, he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to die out.
The last time I breathed fire
And fell asleep for decades!
Q: And so, guys, our experience has come to an end, help me continue the phrases……
I enjoyed my lesson today...
Today in class I learned...
Today in class, I was surprised...
Well done guys, you were very attentive and worked carefully, and everything turned out just great!!!
And now I would like to invite you to sketch our volcanoes.
You can watch a volcano erupt at home not only on TV. With the help of a small chemical experiment, you will arrange a real eruption on a fabulous island.
From this article you will learn
All that is needed
For the experience, you will need some household chemicals and decorative items to create an island. The volcano island can be made from natural materials or you can use dinosaur sensory box sets.
Model of the volcano is molded from plasticine. The creation of a fabulous volcanic island for the experience is the main part of it and serves to develop the child's imagination and creativity. Such activities will help instill a love of chemistry and geography. Fine motor skills of the fingers, the child will develop during the manufacture of plasticine terrain and its inhabitants.
To make an island you need:
- cardboard;
- stapler or narrow tape;
- box with colored plasticine;
- small animal toys;
- multi-colored pebbles;
- a large plastic box or bowl in which the island will stand;
- glass or plastic container with a volume of 200 ml for the vent of the volcano.
For the experiment you will need:
- soda 20 g;
- food coloring:
- vinegar 9%;
- dish detergent 25 ml;
- water 100 ml.
Usually the experience happens until mom runs out of all the baking soda and all the vinegar, so please be patient.
Children cannot conduct experiments on their own without adults. If vinegar gets into the eyes or mouth of a child, a burn of the mucous membranes may occur, and if swallowed, a burn of the esophagus.
Making a fabulous island
You can build an island in a large plastic container. Pour real water, lay out the bottom with round pebbles. Make a container for a volcano from a jar for baby food or an old glass. For the mountain, inside which the container will stand, you need to make a cardboard layout, his child will be happy to cover it with plasticine.
The sequence of making a volcanic mountain:
- cut out a circle of the desired diameter from thick cardboard;
- make an incision from the edge to the center of the circle;
- roll up the cone;
- the edges of the cone are fastened with a stapler or tape;
- cut off the upper part of the cone at a height equal to the capacity chosen for the volcano;
- place the container inside the cone.
From above, I coat the mountain with plasticine. To do this, roll out small brown plasticine cakes and stick to a paper cone, completely covering the cardboard. The top of the volcano can be made of red plasticine, which will imitate red-hot lava.
They set up a volcanic mountain on a dry island of pebbles. They sit around small rubber animals that are among children's toys. Colorful amazing dinosaurs or wolves, foxes, bunnies, bears and other inhabitants of the forest and jungle. Depending on which animals were planted, vegetation is selected for the island. Large tree ferns and horsetails for dinosaurs, and ordinary Christmas trees and birches for bunnies and foxes.
Plastic plants are also often sold in children's play sets. You can use a leaf of a live fern and twigs of plants if it's summer outside. Plants can also be molded from plasticine, made from threads and beads or ordinary cardboard.
You can make small houses out of cardboard for plastic Indians and soldiers. It is better to use cardboard for making plants and houses when the island is in a container with blue-colored sand instead of water or on a blue plasticine sea.
Conducting an experiment
Finally the island is ready. All the toy animals and people froze in anticipation interesting event- volcanic eruptions. They know that the volcano is not real and therefore they are not afraid of it.
To conduct the experiment, pour a tablespoon of soda into the jar-vent of the volcano. Add a tablespoon of dish detergent. Red or orange food coloring is dissolved in 100 milligrams of water and poured into soda and detergent. The basis for the experiment is ready, it remains to add vinegar. Mom, you can let the child pour vinegar into the volcano on his own, under her supervision, so that he does not do it in her absence. It is better to repeat the experiment for an encore, pouring vinegar into the “vent” of the volcano and pouring soda into it, while the child is interested and asks to repeat the experiment.
When vinegar is added, the soda will begin to foam, erupting from the "vent of the volcano" like red or orange lava. The detergent will allow the “lava” to foam longer and more abundantly, overflowing from the vent and flooding the surroundings along with plants and animals that were inadvertently placed too close.
Afterword
The safest way to do a volcano experiment for young children is with baking soda and vinegar. It can be repeated many times, and get necessary materials experience is not difficult.
The most interesting thing in the experience is the creation of your own fairy-tale island with the child, which can be used not only for the Volcano chemical experiment, but also for an exciting game.
With older children, you can conduct the Volcano experiment at home using 
, potassium permanganate and glycerin. For the experiment, ammonium dichromate is poured into an evaporating bowl in the form of a slide, in the middle of which a depression is made. Add a little potassium permanganate and a few drops of glycerin to the recess.
After a few minutes, due to the interaction of potassium permanganate and glycerol, ammonium dichromate will ignite. Sparks will be thrown from the volcano in all directions, and a fountain of fire will begin to erupt. Before starting the experiment, the bowl must be placed on the foil so as not to burn the surface on which the experiment will take place.
Ammonium dichromate can simply be set on fire, and it will burn like a volcano, spewing sparks. The experience is exciting, but without the presence of adults, children should not be allowed to do it. Burns can be caused not only by sparks, but also by the chemicals used.
Good luck with your experiments!
