“If you look at the Great Pyramid without prejudice, fresh eyes and, in addition, with the gaze of a physicist, if you measure everything, you can notice many such things, coincidences ... But these coincidences are presented in such quantity and relate to such a unique object that it begins to worry, ”the physicist Jean-Louis Bazdevan shared his thoughts in an interview .
The modern discoveries of Egyptologists do not fit into the framework of the existing theory, which claims that the pyramid of Cheops was built over 20 years of the reign of the pharaoh and was erected as his tomb, that the ancient Egyptians carved granite blocks for the pyramids using copper chisels, stone hammers and ropes.
There are no records in written sources about the date of the beginning of the construction of the pyramids, there is no exact historical data on any Egyptian pharaoh. None of the theories has been confirmed. In addition, facts that do not fit into the existing theory are simply hushed up.
Again and again mankind tries to unravel the mysteries Egyptian pyramids.
golden proportions
“I tried many shapes, many heights, and returned to the “golden ratio” of the Egyptian pyramid, and it’s amazing,” said Bei Yumin, architect and author of the Louvre pyramid design, in an interview.
Let's take a closer look at the pyramid of Cheops: it has ultra-precise proportions, its dimensions combine data on the speed of light, a qubit (royal cubit = 52.36 cm, such a small measure of such a grandiose building), the number , the golden number φ, a modern unit of measurement - meter. So, ancient people used the metric system, which modern mankind has known since the 18th century, and constant values, which also became known to us not so long ago.
Perfectly even walls of corridors and chambers, ultra-dense seams between stone blocks, where even a knife blade will not pass (and this is without the use of cement), the evenness error of the granite walls of the upper chamber is 0.5 mm, impeccable geographical orientation to the cardinal points, excellent seismic resistance. These parameters are more perfect than the modern level of construction, when ultra-precise devices are used.
“This is high-quality architecture,” Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Igor Taganov assessed the pyramids in an interview with the X-Files TV program. - The Egyptians, out of national pride, believe that all this heritage belongs to them. And it turns out that they inherited ancient culture, antediluvian.
The Mystery of the Egyptian Pyramids: Sacred Cosmology
A brilliant knowledge of astronomy is also one of the mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. On the day of the equinox, at a certain angle of the direction of sunlight, a clear concavity of the side of the pyramid is clearly manifested, which indicates 8 faces of the pyramid, and not 4, as is commonly believed.
There is an assumption that, according to the functional purpose, the pyramids were observatories that made it possible to monitor the starry sky. According to another assumption, the main goal of the Egyptian pyramids is to achieve the immortality of the pharaohs, their resurrection in another world. According to the film directed by Patrice Pouillard "The Revelation of the Pyramids" (which, as it claims, is based only on facts), the Giza plateau is a huge clock of our planet, the dial of which is 4 constellations (Leo, Scorpio, Bull and Aquarius), and the arrows serve as the pyramid of Cheops, the Sphinx and the small pyramids, which every 26 thousand years go through a full cycle (according to assumptions, the cycle of climate change).
Another mystery of the Egyptian and other pyramids of the world
Pyramids have been found in various parts of the world: Tibet, China, Japan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sudan and other countries. This fact allows us to speak about the world system of pyramids.
All these pyramids turned out to have a lot in common - the use of stone blocks of various shapes (similar to how we use the same bricks today), orientation to the cardinal points, and excellent earthquake resistance.
An interesting fact is that ancient shrines such as Machu Picchu and the pyramids of Paratoari (Peru), Persipolis (Iran), Ur (Iraq), Khanjuraho (India) Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan), Sukhothai (Thailand), Angkor Wat ( Cambodia) Easter Island and the Egyptian pyramids are placed along the same line, which goes around the earth like the equator, and at an angle of 30˚ to it.
New discoveries about one of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day raise even more questions. The Sphinx continues to be silent, guarding the peace of the pyramids and their secrets.
The first wonder of the world of all time, one of the main structures of our planet, a place full of secrets and mysteries, a point of constant pilgrimage for tourists - the Egyptian pyramids and in particular the pyramid of Cheops.
Building giant pyramids, of course, was not an easy task. Huge efforts of a large number of people were made to deliver stone blocks to the Giza or Saqqara plateau, and later to the Valley of the Kings, which became the new necropolis of the pharaohs.
At the moment, there are about a hundred found pyramids in Egypt, but the finds continue, and their number is constantly increasing. V different times one of the 7 wonders of the world meant different pyramids. Someone meant all the pyramids of Egypt as a whole, someone pyramids near Memphis, someone three large pyramids of Giza, and the critics recognized only the largest pyramid of Cheops.
The afterlife of ancient Egypt
One of the central moments in the life of the ancient Egyptians was religion, which formed the whole culture as a whole. Particular attention was paid to the afterlife, perceived as a clear continuation of earthly life. That is why the preparation for life after death began long before it, it was set as one of the main life tasks.
According to the ancient Egyptian belief, a person had several souls. The soul of Ka acted as a double of the Egyptian, whom he was to meet in the afterlife. The soul of Ba contacted the person himself, and left his body after death.
The religious life of the Egyptians and the god Anubis
At first, it was believed that only the pharaoh had the right to life after death, but he could bestow this "immortality" on his entourage, who were usually buried next to the tomb of the lord. Ordinary people were not destined to get into the world of the dead, the only exception was slaves and servants, whom the pharaoh “took” with him, and who were depicted on the walls of the great tomb.
But for a comfortable life after the death of the deceased, it was necessary to provide everything necessary: food, household utensils, servants, slaves, and much more needed for the average pharaoh. They also tried to preserve the body of a person so that the soul of Ba could later unite with him again. Therefore, in matters of body preservation, embalming and the creation of complex pyramid tombs were born.
The first pyramid in Egypt. Pyramid of Djoser
Talking about the construction of the pyramids in Ancient Egypt in general, it is worth mentioning the beginning of their history. The very first pyramid in Egypt was built about five thousand years ago at the initiative of Pharaoh Djoser. It is in these 5 millennia that the age of the pyramids in Egypt is estimated. The erection of the pyramid of Djoser was led by the famous and legendary Imhotep, who was even deified in later centuries.
Pyramid of Djoser
The entire complex of the building under construction occupied an area of 545 by 278 meters. Along the perimeter, it was surrounded by a 10-meter wall with 14 gates, only one of which was real. In the center of the complex was the pyramid of Djoser with sides 118 by 140 meters. The height of the pyramid of Djoser is 60 meters. Almost at a depth of 30 meters there was a burial chamber, to which corridors with many branches led. Utensils and sacrifices were kept in the branch rooms. Here, archaeologists found three bas-reliefs of Pharaoh Djoser himself. Near the eastern wall of the Djoser pyramid, 11 small burial chambers intended for the royal family were discovered.
Unlike famous great pyramids Giza, the pyramid of Djoser had a stepped shape, as if intended for the ascension of the pharaoh to heaven. Of course, this pyramid is inferior in popularity and size to the pyramid of Cheops, but still the contribution of the very first stone pyramid in the culture of Egypt is difficult to overestimate.
The Pyramid of Cheops. History and brief description
But still, the most famous for the ordinary population of our planet are the three pyramids of Egypt located nearby - Khafre, Mekerin and the largest and highest pyramid in Egypt - Cheops (Khufu)
Pyramids of Giza
The Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built near the city of Giza, currently a suburb of Cairo. When the pyramid of Cheops was built, it is currently impossible to say for sure, and research gives a strong scatter. In Egypt, for example, the date of the beginning of the construction of this pyramid is officially celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC.
Pyramid of Cheops and Sphinx
About 100,000 people were simultaneously involved in the construction of the wonder of the world pyramid of Cheops. During the first ten years of work, a road was built, along which huge stone blocks were delivered to the river and underground structures of the pyramid. Work on the construction of the monument itself continued for about 20 years.
The size of the pyramid of Cheops at Giza is amazing. The height of the pyramid of Cheops initially reached 147 meters. Over time, due to falling asleep with sand and the loss of lining, it decreased to 137 meters. But even this figure allowed her to remain the most tall building person in the world. The pyramid has a square base with a side of 147 meters. The construction of this giant is estimated to have required 2,300,000 limestone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons.
How were the pyramids built in Egypt?
The technology of building the pyramids is controversial in our time. Versions vary from the invention of concrete in ancient Egypt to the construction of pyramids by aliens. But still it is believed that the pyramids were built by man solely by his strength. So for the extraction of stone blocks, first a shape was outlined in the rock, grooves were hollowed out and a dry tree was inserted into them. Later, the tree was doused with water, it expanded, a crack formed in the rock, and the block was separated. Then it was processed to the desired shape with tools and sent along the river to the construction site.
To lift the blocks up, the Egyptians used gentle embankments, along which these megaliths were dragged on wooden sledges. But even with such a backward technology by our standards, the quality of work is surprising - the blocks fit snugly against each other with minimal mismatches.
You can talk for a long time about the pyramids shrouded in myths and legends, their labyrinths and traps, mummies and treasures, but let's leave it to the Egyptologists. For us, the pyramid of Cheops is one of the greatest structures of mankind throughout its existence and, of course, the only First Wonder of the World that has survived from the depths of centuries.
Schematic of the pyramid of Cheops
Video about the pyramids of Egypt
Video about the pyramid of Cheops
Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
The Great Pyramid, the last remaining wonder from the ancient list of the seven wonders of the world, is a fantastic masterpiece of engineering, not only because of its giant size. It weighs 6.5 million tons and contains more building material than it took to build all the cathedrals, churches and chapels in England! Its uniqueness also lies in the exceptional accuracy of the orientation of the faces according to the cardinal points. The error is negligible - 0.015 percent! Today, achieving such accuracy would require the use of laser theodolites, topographic maps with a resolution of 10 meters and an army of engineers, astronomers and stonemasons.
By the way, the word Pyramid does not define a three-dimensional triangle, and at the same time its root is not even Egyptian. The word Pyramid is made up of the Greek word "pyra" meaning fire, light (or visible) and the Greek word "midos" meaning measures (another meaning is the middle (inside)). The fact is that until 1301, when, after a strong earthquake, the Arabs began to use the loosened lining for the construction and restoration of palaces and mosques in destroyed Cairo, the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops - in ancient Greek transcription / 2590-2568 BC /. ) , which had initial height 146.6 meters (now 138 meters) was lined with polished limestone slabs. Part of the cladding (top 22 rows) is still preserved on the Khafre pyramid. They were so shiny that they could be seen hundreds of kilometers away.
The base of the Pyramid, resting on a granite surface with a deviation from the horizontal of no more than two cm, is an almost perfect square (maximum deviation 3 minutes 33 seconds) with sides of about 230 meters (northern 230.1, western and eastern 230.2, southern 230.3). And the whole structure, which today consists of 203 rows of masonry, was erected without cranes, wheels and powerful stone-cutting tools. Why did the ancient architects achieve such high accuracy, if this accuracy could not even be seen with the naked eye?
One of the answers to these questions, perhaps, lies in the desire of the ancient architects to encrypt some fundamental numerical values in the dimensions of the Great Pyramid. And this requires high dimensional accuracy. As a result, for example, the ratio of the length of the base of the pyramid to its height, divided in half, gives the famous number "pi" (the ratio of the circumference to its diameter) to six decimal places! This number is also mentioned in the ancient Egyptian papyrus Rinda (kept in the British Museum in London). Perhaps it is deliberately encrypted in the size of the Pyramid of Cheops, and with a more accurate value than the great Archimedes, who lived 2000 years later, knew it!
This idea inspired enthusiasts to search for other fundamental ratios in the Pyramid of Cheops.
Astronomical calendar
Egyptologist Graham Hancock and his colleague Robert Boval, who reject the conventional wisdom about Great Pyramid as about the tomb of Cheops, because in none of the pyramids, despite the empty sarcophagi, dead bodies were found. (I will especially talk about the pyramid of Menkauru. When the British Colonel Howard Wens penetrated in 1837 into burial chamber of this pyramid, he found there a basalt sarcophagus, a wooden coffin lid in the form of a human figure and bones. The sarcophagus sank along with the ship carrying it to England, and the dating of the coffin lid and bones dated them to the era of early Christianity.) When in the 9th century AD. e. the expedition penetrated the pyramid of Cheops and explored the royal crypt with great difficulty, the large stone sarcophagus, as it turned out, was empty, but there were no signs of a previous ruin. The truth, Hancock and Boval believe, lies in the astronomical data.
At a distance of about 160 meters from the pyramid of Cheops, the pyramid of Khafre rises, the height of which is 136.6 meters, and the length of the sides is 210.5 meters. However, the Khafre pyramid visually seems to be higher than the Cheops pyramid - the effect is achieved due to the fact that its base is at a higher level. The Pyramid of Menkaure, which is even smaller, is located 200 meters from the Pyramid of Khafre. Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is 108 meters. The three pyramids are part of the complex, which also consists of a sphinx, several temples, small pyramids, tombs of priests and officials.
But back to astronomy. Due to the so-called procession (swaying of the earth's axis under the gravitational influence of the Sun and Moon), the constellations change their position in the sky with a period of 25920 years. With the help of a computer, it was possible to reconstruct the starry sky over the Great Pyramid in 2500 BC. It turned out that in those days one of the southern corridors of the Pyramid was exactly directed to the star Sirius, identified by the Egyptians with the Goddess Isis. Another southern corridor pointed to the lower of the three stars that made up Orion's Belt, a constellation believed to be the abode of the God Osiris, who brought civilization to the Nile Valley.
These coincidences, according to Hancock and Boval, are not accidental. Moreover, the third largest pyramid (Menkaur) is knocked out of a straight line connecting the first (Cheops) and second (Khephren) pyramids. Looking at Orion's Belt, Robert Boval noticed a completely similar arrangement of three stars! Thus, the scientist concludes, apparently the three largest pyramids in Giza symbolize Orion's Belt on earth! However, the angle of the Belt now does not coincide exactly with the axis of the three pyramids. The use of a computer that calculated the time of the exact coincidence of Orion's Belt and the three largest Egyptian pyramids showed that this moment refers to the time of 10642 - 10546 BC. e., that is, half the period of precession to the present day, at 25920 years, like the ancients, or 25729 years according to modern data, the year BC. According to Boval and Hancock, although all three pyramids were completed around 2500 BC, the plan of the Giza complex was drawn up 8,000 years earlier! It was passed down from generation to generation until the time when it was possible to combine the inner corridors with the direction to the desired stars!
In their book Guardians of Creation, Bauval and Hancock emphasize that they believe the creators of the Giza pyramid complex and the famous Sphinx intended to build some kind of chronological "beacons" that would encourage many future generations to search for the true meaning of their project. Selecting the position of monuments using the "language of the stars" should be understandable to any culture familiar with astronomy. The Giza Pyramid Complex probably contains rooms containing the most important messages of the ancient architects, facing the future. Boval and Hancock are convinced that humanity is on the threshold of the Great Discoveries in the pyramids.
Evgeny Menshov expresses another opinion in his article. Claiming that the Pyramids remind us of the planets of the solar system and the catastrophe that occurred on September 22, 10532 BC.
Where are the Great Messages kept?
Everyone has heard about the treasures of the pyramids and their robbers. The way to the Great Pyramid of Cheops, in 820, was found by the Arab Ale Manune. (Caliph Al-Maamoun) He began to dismantle in the center of the Northern Wall, where, according to legend, there was an entrance.
To do this, he poured vinegar on the stones, warmed them with fires, and then used battering rams. Hearing the sound of stones rolling off to the left of their tunnel, the treasure hunters dug to the source of the sound, which led them to a passage leading down (at an angle of 26.30). At the lower end of the sloping passage was what came to be called the bottomless pit (P), or a large underground chamber located at 180m. below the top of the pyramid. The falling stones that the Arabs heard rolled into it. If not for this accident, the entrance would never have been found.
At present, the main entrance to the Pyramid is the entrance pierced by the Arabs. The real entrance is higher, seventeen meters above the ground and seven meters east of the main north-south axis. Having a section of 1m x 1.22m, it is clamped by floor blocks 2.6m thick and 3.6m wide and a floor slab 0.76m thick and 10m long.
From the inclined tunnel (D), at the same angle, there is an ascending tunnel (A), connected to the Grand Gallery (G), which is 46.6 meters long, ending with an entrance to a room of polished granite 5.2x10.4 meters and 5.8 meters tall, known as the Royal Crypt(K). It is covered with five 70-ton slabs supporting the upper part of the pyramid, is located at a height of 42.7 meters above the ground, and inside it stands an empty granite box without decorations.
The stone plug placed at the entrance to the ascending tunnel is made of rare red granite, identical to the granite of Mount Horeb, where, according to legend, Moses received the 10 commandments. To circumvent it, the Arabs carved the softer limestone around it.
However, there was another secret passage. From the ascending tunnel, a horizontal passage branches off, leading to a completely empty room called the Queen's Chamber (Q), and next to it is a Rough Shaft (W) connecting Great Gallery with a descending tunnel, about 60 meters from the stone plug.
Oddly enough, but the descending corridor was well known in antiquity. The Greco-Roman geographer Strabo left a clear description of the large underground chamber (P) into which this corridor enters (180 meters below the top of the pyramid). In this chamber, underground inscriptions were found - autographs from the time of the Roman occupation, indicating regular visits in those years. However, thanks to the secret door leading to the shaft (W) in the descending tunnel, this passage was forgotten.
There are several hypotheses about the astrological and temporal significance of the corridors, but I will not dwell on them. It seems to me incorrect to link time and distance in a pyramid. But I will provide a diagram and a link from it.
Another surprising fact is that the ventilation ducts in the main chambers maintain a constant temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. For some reason, the builders left intact the last 13 cm of the block at the entrance to the two ventilation shafts in the queen's chamber (Q) and only in 1872, Wayneman Dixon, by analogy with the king's chamber, discovered them by tapping and made his way to a canal high 20 and a width of 23 cm, going 2 meters into the wall, and then, at an angle further.
It was in this channel that, in March 1993, a German engineer, a specialist in the field of robotics, Rudolf Gantenbrink, hired by the Egyptian Antiquities Organization, to improve ventilation, launched a small-sized crawler robot, controlled from a distance and equipped with powerful lights and television cameras. This robot "Upuat" (in ancient Egyptian "Pioneer") worth 250 thousand US dollars and showed on March 22 that 60 meters from the beginning of the steep rise of the mine (39.5 0) the walls and floor suddenly became smooth and the robot crawled into a passage of polished limestone, usually used for facing ritual premises and after 5 meters it ran into a deaf limestone "door"! Gantenbrink was amazed to see two copper handles on the "door" lowered down, which, in his opinion, testified to the "sliding" principle of opening and closing the door. In addition, the stone blocks stood vertically at the "door" (instead of their usual horizontal arrangement in other places). That is, they performed the unloading function. Judging by the wide gap and chip at the corner of the "door", someone has already opened it! A faint draft blew strange black dust out of the crack. In general, everything spoke about the presence of an unknown room behind the "door"!
Earlier, with the help of the latest microgravimeter device, French and Japanese scientists discovered THREE unknown rooms inside the Pyramid! One of them is 30 meters long, 5 meters wide and 3 meters high. Having drilled holes, scientists "peeped" there with a television probe and found sand in the voids, but not the one that is abundant around the Pyramid, but found only six kilometers to the southwest! In addition, as it turned out, before laying in the Pyramid, he carefully sifted. According to some experts, sand of precisely this composition prevents the passage of electromagnetic waves, which at one time tried to "see through" this structure.
A television probe found some foreign bodies in one of the large voids. The resolution of the TV camera was not enough to identify these "bodies". Director of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities Ahmed Qadri commented: "There is something else in the Pyramid that we don't know about yet. This part of the structure has never been penetrated before. There is some construction there!"
In 1954, archaeologists discovered two immured niches at the foot of the Pyramid. When one of them was opened, the pit smelled of the aroma of cedar planks. There lay disassembled the original Pharaoh's boat, 43.6 meters long! It took 16 years to extract and dock hundreds of perfectly preserved fragments of the boat. Now the boat stands in its original form in a glass pavilion next to the Pyramid (Solar-Barke (Solar Boat) Museum).
A narrow hole was drilled in the second niche and a light guide connected to a television camera was inserted into it. This work, with all precautions, began in October 1987. When the television camera was turned on, a clear silhouette appeared on the screen: a boat! The second boat was a huge structure of sagging boards fastened with copper staples. They are not in a hurry to extract it - it is too difficult to keep this amazing find in the air ...
Physical impact Pyramids
The French scientist Jacques Bergier, who studied the influence of various spatial forms on biological substances, built a cardboard model of the Pyramid and placed bull's blood there. After some time, it was divided into two substances - light and dark. Other scientists have made sure that perishable products are stored for a long time in the Pyramid model. A pendulum suspended above the top of the model swings to the side or rotates slowly around the top. Plants are behaving strangely. First they gravitate towards the east, then describe a semicircle, moving from south to west. The Czech inventor Karel Drbal adapted a similar model for self-sharpening razor blades in 1959, and received a patent for this unusual invention. According to Drbal, he shaved with the same blade, placing it in a model overnight, more than two thousand times! It is believed that the pyramidal shape focuses cosmic energy...
pyramid lens
American engineer Raymond D. Manners, in an article published in the magazine "Fate" for November 1996, reports that in its original form the Pyramid was distinguished by two features: sparkling surfaces and ... concave in the middle part of the face!
The ancient builders covered the Pyramid with a layer of polished limestone 2.5 meters thick! There were 144,000 20-ton cladding stones. They were so brilliant that they could be seen hundreds of kilometers away. In the morning and at noon, the sunlight reflected from this vast mirror surface was visible from the moon.
The locals have looked at the Pyramid and its polished stones with awe for centuries. But when an earthquake loosened some of the shell stones in the 13th century, the Arabs began to use the cladding to build and rebuild Cairo's palaces and mosques, including the Sultan Hassan Mosque.
Surprisingly, the cladding stones were butted at 0.5mm spacing and have perfect right angles with straight line deviations within 0.25mm. Modern technology does not allow to place such blocks with greater accuracy. It is even more surprising that this gap was intended for glue to seal and hold the stones together. The white cement that held the cladding stones together and made them waterproof is still intact and stronger than the blocks to which it was set.
As for the concavity of the edges, by the way, completely invisible from the ground and, according to some opinions, reflecting the radius of the Earth, the French scientists who accompanied Napoleon's army in the Egyptian campaign were the first to suspect it. Later, in the 1880s, this fact was confirmed by the famous explorer of the Great Pyramid, Flinders Petrie. Then they forgot about it for a hundred years. And only in our days, aerial photography by an officer of the British army P. Groves showed with certainty that the concavity of the faces, however, quite insignificant - only one meter, really takes place ...
It is interesting to note that later pyramids were built with completely flat sides! Apparently, the main builder of the Great Pyramid hid from his followers the meaning and purpose of the concavities. According to Raymond Manners, the peculiar concave "mirrors" on the edges with total area about 15 hectares served to focus the sun's rays on the day of the summer solstice. On this day, when the Sun was only 6.5 degrees from the zenith, a fantastic action took place: thanks to the polished edges, the Great Pyramid sparkled like a diamond! At the focus of the concave "mirrors" the temperature rose to a thousand degrees! The assembled crowds of people began to hear crackling coming from these points, gradually increasing to a thunderous deafening sound!
Amidst the blazing light and roar from the central whirlwind above the top of the Pyramid, waves of hot air shot upwards. An illusion of a fiery column rising from the Pyramid was created. It was truly the road along which God Ra himself descended to people!
Sphinx
The riddle of the Sphinx haunts people no less than the pyramids. When I read that the Sphinx had been completely covered over several times, it seemed surprising to me. However, a trip to Cairo dispelled all doubts. The Sphinx stands in a pit (the origin of which I cannot judge) at the foot of a hill with pyramids, and if you fill it up, only part of the head will be visible. True, it should be borne in mind that the Giza plateau is a rocky wasteland, and not a desert with sand dunes, as many might have thought. (the most complete association will be given to you by a stone lime quarry or a large construction site) so, in my opinion, it will take more than one decade, if not centuries, to bring it in. But let's get back to the object itself
Recently, Japanese scientists (S. Yoshimura) using echo sounders have shown that the processed stone of the sculpture of the Sphinx is MUCH OLDER than the blocks of the pyramids. I will emphasize the ANCIENT MATERIAL OF SCULPTURE. Another fact: hydrological studies revealed traces of erosion from a powerful flow of water at the base of the pedestal of the statue (including ON THE TREATED SURFACE). British geophysicists estimate the age of erosion at 10-12 millennia (!). The foregoing confirms the hypothesis, which is very popular today: the Gizov complex was built TWICE ..
At present, the entire base of the sphinx and paws have been restored, so I could not see any signs of erosion. However, I am of the opinion that many archaeological sites the Egyptians not only restore but also rebuild, there are even tower cranes in Luxor.
In view of the foregoing, the sequence of events can be represented as follows. About 12.5 thousand years ago, unknown architects erected a complex of pyramids, coding in its plan the connection of three planets of the solar system, and in the orientation of the lion statue - the date. when it took place. A little later, water gushed out from somewhere with monstrous force. Her stream destroyed the pyramids, but the Sphinx. hollowed out of a monolithic rock and, possibly, covered with sand, survived. After 8000 years, during the reign of the pharaohs of the fourth dynasty, the rest of the buildings were restored. It is possible, however, that the Sphinx also underwent restoration: we assume that initially it depicted simply a lion, and a human head - specifically, the head of Pharaoh Khafre (opposite the Pyramid of which it stands) - was attached to it under Pharaoh Khafre.
French archaeologists have noticed: the dating of the Egyptian flood coincides with the date of the death of the legendary Atlantis according to Plato.
Tokyo scientists also gave a second sensation: electronic equipment showed a narrow tunnel under the left paw of a stone statue leading towards the Khafre pyramid. It starts at a depth of two meters and goes down obliquely. It turned out to be impossible to trace it further, but Professor Yoshimura promised to create a new device, specifically for the study of this underground passage.
P.S. Measures of Ancient Egypt
Having delved into the history of the emergence of units of measurement and standards, it is easy to find out that the Egyptians had three units of length: the cubit (466 mm), equal to seven palms (66.5 mm), which, in turn, was equal to four fingers (16.6 mm ). Long distances were measured in tens and hundreds of cubits or palms. It is easy to see that the side of the base of the pyramid of Cheops is exactly 500 cubits.
It is tempting, of course, to see a certain "astral" meaning in the height of the pyramid of Cheops. But isn't it easier to assume that the pyramids were built exactly the way the customer required? Pharaoh or, say, a council of priests. He will order: “a hundred cubits in height” - and they will build it. And how could the pharaoh order? Most likely, he set the height in round numbers - of course, in Egyptian measures ... To verify the above assumption, let's measure the pyramids not in meters, but in cubits (lx) and palms (ld). And what happens? Of the three pyramids of Giza, the smallest, Mykerin, has a height of one thousand ld (66 m). The Pyramid of Snefru has 200 lux. Finally, at the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) - 300 lux 100 ld (146.6 m): the son outdid his father by almost one and a half times. Other measurements of the Cheops pyramid are also curious: the side of the base is 500 lux (233 m), the apothem of the side face is 400 lux (187 m), the length of the main gallery is 100 lux (46.2 m), the upper passage is 500 ld (33 m), etc. d. Famous Pyramids are equal to the stars
The question "how old are the Egyptian pyramids?" seems to have been resolved long ago: about 4500 years. However, the method of solving this issue, based on the analysis of ancient records, is not very accurate. As a result, estimates of the age of the pyramids can be overestimated or underestimated by about 100 years. From one point of view, compared to their age, this is not much; from another point of view, man is an imperfect being and always strives for the ideal. So Egyptologists eventually could not stand the uncertainty and began to develop methods for more accurate dating. One of them, developed by the British Egyptologist Kate Spence from Cambridge, is based on astronomy.
The fact is that many mysteries and questions are associated with the Egyptian pyramids. One of them is this: how did the ancient Egyptians manage to align their creations so precisely? After all, two of the four sides of each pyramid are directed quite accurately from north to south! Keith Spence believes that the stars helped the ancient builders in this. More precisely, two stars: Mizar and Kokhab, in the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Due to the displacement of the Earth's own axis in space (with a period of 26,000 years), these two stars in different centuries indicate different sides Sveta. By calculating when they pointed to the north, one can very accurately determine the time of the construction of the pyramids.
Moreover, with the help of the “two stars” theory, those errors in the alignment of the pyramids that the Egyptians nevertheless made are perfectly explained (in fact, Spence developed her own theory to explain these errors). After all, the pyramids were not built at the same time, the stars managed to shift a little during this time, and the direction “to the north” also shifted somewhat. Today's "northern" star - the Polaris - in those years did not point to the north at all and could not serve as a guide for the Egyptians.
Using her method, Kate Spence calculated the construction time of the Great Pyramid of Giza (one of the Seven Wonders of the World). She believes that this happened in 2478 BC, plus or minus five years. Thus, according to the "astronomical" theory, the Great Pyramid is 4478 years old - 75 years more than previously thought.
It is not known whether the ancient architects really determined the direction to the north by two stars, but there is no argument against the fact that they could do this. All we know for sure is that the pyramids aligned to the north because the Egyptians believed that a dead pharaoh became a star in the northern sky. Therefore, it is quite logical to assume that when building pyramids for the dead pharaohs, they looked towards their new home.
Spence's method is also important for two more reasons. Firstly, it does not contradict the prevailing ideas about the age of the pyramids: 75 years is quite within the dating error according to written sources. Secondly, it serves as an additional argument against the view that the pyramids and the Sphinx were built several thousand years earlier than previously thought. Having obtained such well-converging results using two different methods, it can be firmly believed that the pyramids were built in the middle of the third millennium BC.
How the pyramids were built
The Italian Egyptologist Osvaldo Falestiedi proposed a clue to the way the Egyptian pyramids were built. Falestiedi's hypothesis is based on the testimony of Herodotus, who mentioned in the 5th century BC about "wooden machines for building the tombs of the Egyptian rulers." The remains of one of these machines, according to Falestiedi, were found in the 19th century during excavations of the temple of Queen Hatsepshut. An enthusiastic Italian managed to restore an ancient device, and it worked!
The machine designed by Falestiedi resembles a cradle. A stone block tied with ropes is placed inside the wooden frame, which swings with the help of special wedges. With the help of such rocking, the inventor is convinced, the ancient Egyptians raised multi-ton stones. Falestiedi's discovery was tested by Japanese and American engineers and archaeologists. And: independent expertise; confirmed the correctness of the Italian. Now Falestiedi, together with engineers from the Turin Polytechnic Institute, is going to create a working model of a device that can lift stones weighing up to forty tons.
edited news olqa.weles - 9-02-2012, 12:06
3-04-2017, 11:17 |
The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have riveted the attention of man for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can exactly explain. One of the more interesting is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.
It is known that Napoleon in the XVIII century. not yet being the emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted during the Egyptian campaign by mystical tales. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very puzzled and even a little scared, silently, with difficulty, sitting on his horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then, he took this secret with him.
And for a long time now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built and what they were intended for.
Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has greatly increased. But it is still not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions, and some of them are able to change the view modern man about ancient civilizations. remain a great mystery to man, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.
One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same century claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to store books and other valuable items.
In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no confirmation in the form of hieroglyphic inscriptions or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.
On September 17, 2002, a message appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone was waiting for the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But disappointment awaited all x, it was not possible to penetrate far. It has to do with the design of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.
The secret of the inner contents of the pyramids
In 1872, the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called queen's chamber. When tapping, he found voids, then with a pick he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.
Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, they also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Then specialists from Japan used special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the whole and the rest of the area to the Sphinx. Studies have shown many voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get there. And those rooms that scientists could explore did not give results. No mummy was found there, or even any remnants of material culture.
So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after a few centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.
The Caliph's Entry into the Egyptian Pyramid
In proof of the theory that it was initially empty, one historical fact can be cited. In IX, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun with his detachment penetrated into. When they got inside the king's chamber, they were supposed to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything seemed to have been cleaned up, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.
This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all built by the III and IV dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial were ever found. Some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is also another secret.
In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. It contained a sarcophagus. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it was empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then came out already deified. However, this does not seem like a rational assumption. Most of all, faith is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.
This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - the Damascus Tables. Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the bowels of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.
An Alternative Approach to the Study of the Egyptian Pyramids
There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to geologists' research, a pyramid is a clot of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many people are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid became sharp again for some time.
It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for processing energy into another more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.
This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its followers. Different scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures in different ways. Many ambiguities remain. Even elementary - how such massive structures have been preserved for thousands of years. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.
It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long since collapsed. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the top lining fell off the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.
The secret of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.
Since the 19th century many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they came to amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the plates is matched to the nearest millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not allow even a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants of that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.
The width between granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. This is ingenious and incomprehensible. This is the accuracy that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. Still striking are the right angles and the exact symmetry between the four sides. But an even more important mystery is who nevertheless brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built the pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is not clear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.
The secret of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids
Assumptions are made that simply a modern person does not even know what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible to build what has been built without modern jacks and other tools.
Sometimes versions are put forward that are simply absurd at first glance - what kind of technologies were they, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations. Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such construction. This could be done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.
Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved to the right place. Yes, and 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians. On the territory of Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.
It is also interesting that no even hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption about the levitation technique is put forward. Based on the myths and traditions of the ancient peoples, in this regard, you can extract a lot useful information. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, such a theory explains a lot.
Egyptian pyramids and mysteries around them
Of course, even alternative versions, if we are to be objective, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what kind of structures these are. It immediately becomes clear that this is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by hand. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again not a simple one. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.
Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But they then put forward other versions. They accurately determined that in order to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription with a length of more than 1.5 km would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would be three times the volume of the pyramid itself. There is also the question of what to build. It would be impossible to build with simple soil, as they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.
Another mystery is what tools were used to build the blocks. Yes, and generally built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version in this matter. There are many mysteries still inaccessible to humans. Here were given both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And so such alternative versions also have the right to exist.
The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video
There are more than seventy Egyptian pyramids, but only three of them have become the most famous. These are the tombs of the pharaohs located in Giza - the pyramids of Khafre (Khafra), Cheops (Khufu) and Mekerin (Menkaur). It is with them that most of the mysterious legends and inexplicable incidents are associated.
It is impossible to say with certainty that today all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have been unraveled, because their priests were very resourceful and resourceful. Perhaps our researchers have yet to unravel the mysteries of the Sphinx, and penetrate into the very essence of Egyptian architecture, science and magic...
Secrets of the Pyramid of Khafre
The height of this structure is 136.5 meters. Its structure is relatively simple - two entrances located on the north side and two chambers. Khafre's pyramid was built from stone blocks of different sizes, and lined with white limestone slabs. The top of the pharaoh's tomb is made of beautiful yellow limestone.
It is not safe to try to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids! Proof of this is the event that happened to tourists in 1984. An impressive line stood in front of the entrance to the tunnel leading deep into the pyramid of Khafre. Everyone was waiting for the arrival of the group, which went to a compact room with a sarcophagus - the tomb of Pharaoh Khafre, in which the lord's mummy was once sealed. It is believed that this pharaoh, in addition to his pyramid, built a mysterious man-lion - the Great Sphinx.
Finally the tourists returned, but what happened to them! People were choking with coughs, staggering from weakness and nausea, their eyes reddened. Later, the tourists said that all at the same time felt irritation in the respiratory tract, pain in the eyes, and experienced severe lacrimation. The victims were given medical care, they were examined, but... No abnormalities were found. People were told that the tomb of the pharaoh was probably filled with some mysterious gas that had leaked into the tomb in an unknown way.
The tomb was closed, and a commission was urgently convened to solve this mystery of the Egyptian pyramid. Experts put forward several working versions - the appearance of caustic gases from faults in the bowels earth's crust, the actions of unknown intruders and even intervention. But according to the most interesting version, one of the ancient traps equipped by priests against robbers could be located in the tomb of the pharaoh.
Tomb of the pharaoh Menkaure
The Greeks called the son and heir of Khafre Mykerin. To this ruler 
belongs to the smallest of the famous great pyramids. The original height of the structure was 66 meters, today's - 55.5 meters. Side length - 103.4 meters. The entrance is located on the northern wall, part of the cladding has been preserved there. The tomb of Menkaure also contributed to the formation of legends about the Egyptian pyramids.
In 1837, the Pyramid of Menkaure was discovered by the English Colonel Howard Vance. In the golden chamber of the tomb, he discovered a sarcophagus made of basalt, as well as a wooden coffin lid carved in the form of a human figure. This find has been dated as belonging to the era of early Christianity. The sarcophagus was never delivered to England - the ship carrying it from Egypt sank.
There is a legend that the Egyptians adopted some secrets from the Atlanteans who arrived in their country. So, for example, it is believed that the effect it has on the cells of a living organism depends on the mass and shape of the pyramid. The pyramid can both destroy and heal from diseases. It is known that the influence of the field of the Mykerin pyramid is so great that tourists who have been in its critical zone for a long time,. Some people entering the tomb of Pharaoh Mikerin faint, and feel a sharp deterioration in well-being. You should not try to unravel the mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids by trial and error.
Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
The records of the Greek historian Herodotus indicate that the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops was being built for more than 20 years. During this period, approximately 100,000 people were permanently employed at the construction site. The body of the legendary pyramid of Cheops consists of 128 layers of stone, the outer edges of the structure were lined with snow-white limestone. It should be noted that the facing plates are fitted with such precision that even a knife blade cannot be inserted into the gap between them.
Many researchers tried to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Egyptian archaeologist Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim discovered an ancient Egyptian pyramid with an alabaster sarcophagus inside. When the excavation was coming to an end, one of the stone blocks collapsed, taking several workers with it. There was nothing in the sarcophagus raised to the surface.
The Englishman Paul Brighton, having heard that many tourists visiting the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops, complain about the deterioration of health, decided to experience the influence of the pyramid on himself. The tireless researcher penetrated directly into the burial room of Cheops, which ended very badly for him. After some time, Brighton was discovered and removed from there. The Englishman was in a semi-conscious state, later he admitted that he had lost consciousness from indescribable horror.
The mystery of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamen
The autumn of 1922 forever left its mark on the history of the development of archaeological science - the English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the pyramid of Tutankhamun. On February 16, 1923, Carter and Lord Carnarvon (the philanthropist who financed this enterprise) opened the tomb in the presence of several witnesses.
In the room of the sarcophagus there was a tablet containing an inscription in ancient Egyptian, which was later deciphered. The inscription read: "Anyone who disturbs the peace of the Pharaoh, death will overtake with quick steps." When the archaeologist deciphered the tablet, he hid it so as not to embarrass his companions and workers with this warning.
Further events developed at a rapid pace. Even before the pharaoh's tomb was opened, Lord Carnarvon received a letter from Count Haimon, an English clairvoyant. In this letter, the count warned Carnarvon that if he penetrated the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamen, then he would face a disease that would lead to death. This message greatly alarmed the lord, and he decided to seek advice from a famous fortune teller named Velma. The clairvoyant repeated Count Haimon's warning almost word for word. Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the excavations, but preparations for them had already gone too far. Involuntarily, he had to challenge the mystical forces guarding the pharaoh's tomb...
Lord Carnarvon, 57, suddenly fell ill just six weeks later. At first, doctors believed that this disease was the result of a mosquito bite. Then it turned out that the lord cut himself while shaving. But be that as it may, the lord soon died, and the cause of his death remained unclear.
This incident is not limited to the death of Lord Carnarvon alone. During the year, five more members of this expedition die, having penetrated the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Among them were the conservation specialist Mace, the English professor of literature La Fleur, Carter's secretary Richard Befil, and the radiologist Wood. Mace died in the same hotel where Carnarvon died, also of an unexplained cause. Before his death, he began to complain of bouts of weakness, experienced melancholy and apathy. Within a few years, 22 people died suddenly and transiently, in one way or another related to the excavations and research of the tomb of the pharaoh.
Strange, but true: Lord Canterville transported on the Titanic the perfectly preserved mummy of Amenophis the Fourth, an Egyptian soothsayer who lived during the time of Amenhotep the Fourth. This mummy was removed from a small tomb, over which a temple towered. Her peace was protected by those who accompanied the mummy on this journey. Under the head of the mummy was a tablet with the inscription and the image of Osiris. The inscription read: "Wake up from the swoon in which you are, and triumph over all sorts of intrigues against you."
Why were the pyramids of Giza built?
Such majestic structures could be not only the tombs of the pharaohs. The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not been solved to this day. And yet there are some assumptions regarding their purpose. Pyramids can be
- encyclopedias of knowledge, a kind of treasure trove of Egyptian wisdom ();
- astronomical observatories;
- barriers against the sands coming from the desert;
- standards of architecture;
- alien information capsules;
- frontier fortresses and even a mooring for Noah's ark.
And this is only a small part of the assumptions made regarding these architectural structures. As you can see, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not yet been unraveled...
One of these unsolved mysteries is the fantastic construction speed with which each tomb of the pharaoh was built. Scientists calculated it based on the life expectancy of the rulers, the time of the Nile flood, and other factors. It turned out that every minute 4 blocks were mounted, and every hour - 240! And this is only with the help of primitive mechanisms - levers, ropes, etc. There is even an incredible suggestion that the Egyptian priests possessed the secret of overcoming the law of attraction.
Who will master all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids? What power lies within these timeless walls? Perhaps we have yet to witness the discoveries of modern researchers. Or maybe the tomb of the pharaoh is waiting for you?
