King Fahd airport area Saudi Arabia- 780 km². It's 7 times more area Paris - 80 quarters of the French capital fit on 105 km². And 25 km² more than the area of Hamburg (755 km²).
I’ll lose weight by the summer: what to eat at the airport if you follow your figure
February 21, 2020Let's explain for the news: two Italian airports
February 20, 2020I have a transfer in Bergamo: what can be done in one evening
February 20, 2020Let's explain for the news: Sheremetyevo Airport wants to get better
February 19, 2020Closer nowhere: how to get to Jerusalem from neighboring airports
February 18, 2020How to choose the perfect hostel: how they differ and how much they cost
Airports can be compared with cities not only in terms of area. In many ways, the modern air port is organized like a city. There, too, there is an administration, a budget, services that monitor security and order. Let's consider the airport device in a little more detail.
What determines the structure of the airport
From his size. Most of us mean by airport huge complex with hangars, terminals, command and control towers and runways with a 24/7 operating mode. But not all airports meet these standards.
small airports
An airport is also called a short strip of asphalt among grass and dirt, which is used no more than two or three hours a day. These runways often only serve one or two pilots. Such airports may not have any structures other than a runway.
Regional airports
They organize flights within one country, without international flights. Often regional airports serve not only civil aviation but also military.
In regional airports, the infrastructure is more developed. It includes hangars, radio towers, pilot training facilities, weather observation systems. Such facilities sometimes have pilot lounges, marketplaces, conference rooms, and fuel storage facilities.
The full list of objects depends on the traffic and destination of the airport.
The hangars of regional airports usually accommodate aircraft with a capacity of up to 200 people.
International airports
Organize regional and international flights. The infrastructure of international airports is complemented by duty-free shops, service stations, a transport system inside the terminals, and customs control zones.
The runways and hangars of such airports serve aircraft of various sizes. From private - less than 50 people on board, to Airbus A380 - 853 passengers.
Runway strip
Regional airports may have only one runway. In international - from two to seven. The length of the runway depends on the weight of the aircraft. For example, a Boeing 747 or Airbus A380 requires a 3300 m runway to take off. And for takeoff aircraft with a capacity of up to 20 passengers, 914 m is enough.
Stripes can be:
- Solitary. Engineers plan the location of the runway, taking into account the prevailing wind direction.
- Parallel. The distance between two runways depends on the size and number of aircraft using the aerodrome, ranging from 762 m to 1,310 m on average.
- V-shaped. The two runways converge but do not intersect. This arrangement gives air traffic controllers the flexibility to maneuver aircraft on the runway. For example, in light wind conditions, the controller will use both runways. But if the wind picks up in one direction, controllers will use the runway that allows aircraft to take off into the wind.
- Crossed. Crossing runways are common at airports where the prevailing winds vary throughout the year. The intersection point may be in the middle of each runway, in the threshold area where aircraft land, or at the end of the runway.
Taxiways
In addition to the runways, the airport is equipped with taxiways. They connect all the buildings of the airport: terminals, hangars, parking lots, service stations. They are used to move aircraft to the runway or to the parking lot.
Light signaling system
All international airports have the same lighting scheme. With signal lights, pilots can distinguish between runways and highways at night or in low visibility conditions. Beacons that flash green and white indicate a civilian airport. Green lights mark the threshold or start of the runway. Red lights signal the end of the lane. White or yellow lights define the edges of the runway. Blue lights distinguish taxiways from runways.
How the airport works: terminals
The terminals are located representative offices of airlines and services that are responsible for organizing passenger traffic, security, baggage, border, immigration and customs control. There are also restaurants and shops here.
The number of terminals and the total area of the terminal area depend on the traffic of the airport.
The terminal complex at Hartsfield-Jackson Airport in Atlanta, USA occupies 230,000 m². It includes internal and international terminals, 207 passenger pick-up/drop-off gates, seven conference rooms, 90 shops and 56 service points where passengers receive the necessary services - from polishing shoes to connecting to the Internet.
Usually airlines rent gates at the airport. But sometimes they build separate terminals. Such as, Emirates airline at Dubai International Airport. In addition to lounges and aircraft gates, the Emirates Terminal offers 11,000 m2 of retail space, three spas, and two Zen gardens.
In-flight catering
Food for aircraft passengers is prepared outside the airport. It is delivered by truck and loaded on board. Caterers deliver thousands of meals to one major airport every day. For example, three catering providers provide 158,000 meals to Hong Kong Airport every day.
Fuel supply system
During a flight from London Heathrow to Malaysian Kuala Lumpur Jumbo Jet consumes about 127,000 liters of fuel. That's why busy international airports sell millions of fuel every day. Some airports use tanker trucks to transport fuel from storage to aircraft. In others, fuel is pumped through underground pipes directly to the terminals.
Safety system
Passengers of domestic flights go through passport control and security control. Passengers on international flights go through customs, security and passport control.
Airports look for prohibited items using a combination of software and screening technologies - computed tomography, X-ray machines and explosive trace detection systems. If necessary, passengers are subjected to personal search or a full body scan.
Major airports complement the security system with fire services and ambulance stations.
How is ground transportation at the airport
System land transport ensures the arrival of passengers at the airport and transportation from the air port to the city.
Typically, a ground transportation system includes:
- Roads to and from the airport.
- Car parking.
- Vehicle rental services.
- Flights transporting passengers to local hotels and to car parks.
- Public transport - municipal buses and metro.
Large airports are equipped with an internal transfer system. It includes travelators, mini cars, automatic trains or buses.
The internal transfer system helps passengers get from one terminal to another or to the terminal gate faster.
Budget
Airports are huge enterprises. Denver Airport in the US costs about $5 billion. Its maintenance costs are $160 million a year. At the same time, the state's annual income from the airport is $22.3 billion.
Airports, as a rule, own all facilities on their territory. They rent them out to airlines, retailers, service providers. Fees and taxes on air tickets and services - fuel, parking - occupy several more income items of air ports. Most airports are self-sustaining enterprises.
Staff
About 90 percent of airport employees work for private companies: airlines, contractors, tenants. The remaining 10 percent work for the airport: administrators, maintenance personnel, security service.
While the passenger is indignant and languishing in anticipation of a flight delayed due to weather conditions in the waiting room, a large number of workers and technical means of the airfield are thrown to reduce his (passenger's) suffering to a minimum and send him on his way as soon as possible. I suggest watching what is happening at the airport while you call the administrator, demand immediate explanations, try to hail a taxi to Los Angeles, or simply resign yourself to the situation in a chair or on a free piece of floor waiting for departure.
To combat snow and ice, Domodedovo Airport has a fleet of more than 40 vehicles. It has graders and combines for cleaning runways, taxiways and apron, machines for distributing reagents, devices for testing adhesion with strip coating, platforms for de-icing aircraft (deicers).
Deicers (in the foreground), graders, combines...
The working body of the snowplow.
Graders have so many parts that just beg me to take them off. :)
Brushes!
This machine usually closes the “parade” of harvesting equipment and checks the adhesion of the pavement on the runway. If the coefficient does not meet the requirements, the processing is repeated.
The grip coefficient is tested with this trailer. Two different wheels on the same axle: that's what you need here.
Snowplow in action.
And then I was invited to the cabin of one of the graders!
In the meantime, one of the runways of the airfield is closed for cleaning and a column of cleaning equipment is moving forward to process it. The closure of the runway will not affect the operation of Domodedovo Airport, as there is a second runway.
The "Parade of cleaning equipment" begins: machines clean and blow snow off the strip.
Sometimes you think like this: why not give up all this creativity and become a snowplow driver? :)
Snow dust column.
This machine distributes reagents across the runway.
Elena Galanova, head of the press service of Domodedovo airport. You can often see her on TV.
And we are moving to the parking lot, where the planes are waiting to be treated with an anti-icing agent. Processing is carried out immediately before departure, since it is at the time of takeoff and climb that there is a high probability of dangerous icing of the wings and tail.
The ice crust is able to change the geometry of the wing, it will lose its lift and ... well, you understand that it is highly undesirable to allow this. That's what processing is for. Processing is carried out after the crew, passengers have boarded the aircraft and all cargo has been loaded, that is, the aircraft is prepared for departure.
Here is the Yak42D, now the deicers will start processing.
Processing starts. At the end of the boom, there are special antennae-sensors, so as not to damage the skin: if the antennae touches the body, the boom will stop immediately, and the operator will be notified of this trouble.
Two machines are running to speed up the process.
The anti-icing liquid is inside the car with a temperature of more than 80 degrees, this creates steam, which looks especially enchanting in the dark. :)
The board treated with anti-icing liquid is towed to the runway: passengers can be calm, icing does not threaten the aircraft.
Of course, de-icing looks most effective in the dark :). Processing an Emirates aircraft.
And this is a Cathay Pacific board. In the background, a freshly treated Emirates taxis.
Such a sur.
The Emirates A340, meanwhile, is waiting for clearance to take off.
Later, Cathay Pacific follows him. Also probably somewhere warm country where there is no snow and no need for deicing.
The airfield is especially beautiful at night.
In fact, it was darker: probably, this is how cats and other nocturnal predators see in the dark. Well, cameras with an exposure of several minutes.
And a little more aero-surrealism :).
But it didn’t work out to convey as enchantingly as in life - especially since the lights also flashed with an interval of 2 seconds.
I would like to express my gratitude to the press service of Domodedovo Airport for the possibility of filming.
Taken from docent Domodedovo airport's fight against snow and ice
If you have a production or service that you want to tell our readers about, write to me - Aslan ( [email protected] ) Lera Volkova ( [email protected] ) and Sasha Kuksa ( [email protected] ) and we will make the best report, which will be seen not only by readers of the community, but also by the site http://bigpicture.ru/ and http://ikaketosdelano.ru
Subscribe also to our groups in facebook, vkontakte,classmates and in google+plus, where the most interesting things from the community will be posted, plus materials that are not here and a video about how things work in our world.
Click on the icon and subscribe!
Since July 2017, the specialists of Aerodorstroy LLC began to carry out work on the comprehensive repair of the runway at the Bryansk international airport. The work of the Bryansk airport is under the personal control of the governor of the region, so the employees of our organization had to show high professionalism and ensure high quality work performed.
Video report of the repair of the runway of the airport "Bryansk"
Comprehensive repair of the runway at the airport "Bryansk"
The first thing to be done was to bring expansion joints (compression and expansion) on the strip in accordance with the technical requirements. As a result, over the period of work, the old expansion joints were repaired and new expansion joints were cut for a total of about 30 km. This made it possible to prevent further destruction of the strip and extend its service life. In the course of the work, modern powerful high-performance joint cutters and autonomous self-propelled pouring boilers were involved, which made it possible to achieve strict compliance with the production schedule and operating regulations of the operating airport.
The next stage of the complex repair was the patching work on the runway and taxiway. Since the airport is operational, the work required efficiency and strict adherence to the technological process.
High-strength fiber-reinforced concrete of a special composition was chosen as a repair material with the use of microsilica additive, which made it possible to accelerate the hardening process, as well as to increase the strength characteristics of the composition. A team of workers made more than 200 m2 of patching, despite the fact that the work was carried out in the "technological windows", which made it possible not to violate the air traffic regime of the airport.
.Thus, the repair work carried out by Aerodorstroy helped extend the life of the canvas by several years and became the basis for a larger-scale reconstruction of the airport's planar infrastructure in the foreseeable future.
It is no secret that a fairly large number of forces and means are involved in ensuring the flight of each aircraft.
Airports are an important link in air transportation - from the smallest to the largest international hubs.
And in each of them, life is like an anthill. It's just that anthills are also different in size and the number of worker ants in them.
Such working ants at each airport are a huge fleet of vehicles - apron buses, tractors, ladders, deicers, snow plows, tankers, fire trucks, etc. All of them scurry around the clock on runways and in hangars to ensure the speed of aircraft maintenance and ensure safe flight for passengers.
About some worker ants that are in the service at the airport today, and there will be my story
2. Standing in the terminal of almost any airport, waiting to board our flight, we often observe the work of certain machines on the runways or taxiways. Most often, this is the movement of various cars of technical services, as well as cleaning the lane from snow or ice.
Any weather precipitation for the airport is a potentially dangerous factor that must be eliminated as quickly and efficiently as possible.
That is why during a snowfall, as well as after it, snow removal equipment on the runway works almost non-stop.
Whatever the weather, the asphalt surface must be clean and provide a sufficient level of grip during takeoff, landing and taxiing of an airliner. 
3. For cleaning large amounts of snow during heavy snowfalls, an auger machine is used. Its device allows, without damaging the concrete pavement, to quickly and efficiently remove large masses of snow in a short period of time. Special support wheels and a lower ski position the auger as close to the ground as possible. 
4. Snow is ejected from the side snail to a distance of about 50 meters. In this way, snow is quickly removed from the strip, and then graders (as in photo No. 2) are already sweeping away the snow, and trucks are taking it out. 
5. Another extremely important worker ant in winter time is a deicer - a de-icing machine that applies a special alcohol-based de-icing liquid to the aircraft fuselage. Anti-icing treatment is necessary so that the flaps and other moving elements of the fuselage do not freeze during takeoff, landing and flight. The process is carried out in a semi-automatic mode - there are ultrasonic radars near the POL nozzles that control the distance to the fuselage and stop the boom with the nozzle at a critical moment. First, the remaining ice is removed, and then the de-icing liquid is applied. 
6. Deicer, despite the external "commonness", is actually a computer monster - five different embedded computer systems are responsible for its work.
The treatment of one Boeing 737-500 type airliner typically requires 400 to 700 liters of anti-icing fluid.
The cost of one such car, according to a representative of the technical service of Surgut International Airport, is about 20 million rubles (about 650 thousand dollars) 
7. The runway must be kept in perfect condition not only in winter, but also at any other time of the year. For these purposes, there is a machine that combines the functions of a washer, polisher and sweeper. 
8. Today, not a single international airport can do without an airfield tractor. This short, but powerful and vicious dwarf is capable of towing aircraft weighing 60 tons or more. 
9. White plates at the stern of the towing vehicle are weights. 
10. Fire equipment at the airport is always on alert, because in the event of a fire, seconds count 
11. Please note that there are people in the cab of the fire truck who are ready for an instant response. All cars are necessarily equipped with powerful water guns. 
12. The filling of fuel into the aircraft is carried out by special vehicles - tankers. It is known that during the flight the aircraft consumes a fairly large amount of fuel - from 700-800 liters per hour for small models to several thousand liters per hour for large airliners. In addition, there must be a sufficiently large supply of fuel on board the aircraft in case of various unforeseen situations - a flight to another airport in the event that the destination airport refuses to accept the board for various force majeure reasons ( weather, accidents, etc.), additional stay in the air while waiting for the command to land, etc.
Modern tankers have a fuel tank capacity of 10,000 liters or more and provide accurate dosing of the poured fuel. 
13. The filling of tanks of tankers takes place at a special fuel warehouse, where fuel quality is monitored, as well as the introduction of special additives into it, depending on various current needs. 
14. For the delivery of passengers from the terminal to the aircraft (if it is impossible to deliver the aircraft to the air bridge), special buses are used, called apron buses.
As a rule, these are low-floor buses of increased capacity - more than 100 people. 
15. Various types of self-propelled ladders are used to deliver passengers directly to the aircraft cabin. One of the world's largest manufacturers of ladders is the French company Sovam. Self-propelled ladders are equipped with Perkins, Deutz or VW engines. The minimum docking height is 2.2 m (Boeing 737), the maximum is 5.8 m (Airbus A340). The ladder can hold up to 102 people. 
16. But modern airports are gradually switching as much as possible to the use of special boarding bridges, allowing passengers to immediately get from the terminal on board the aircraft bypassing the street 
17. On the face and convenience, and safety
18. Another interesting ant is a car that provides refueling of the aircraft with drinking water, as well as draining it after the flight.
There are two containers in the car - one with fresh water, the second - for stale water. When the plane arrives, the drinking water on board is already considered stale and must be drained. Even if the plane is scheduled to take off in a short time on the return or another flight, the water on it is still replaced with fresh water. 
19. Having finished the inspection of the technical park of Surgut airport, we again returned to the runway, where snow removal equipment continued to work, removing slowly falling snow from the surface ... 
20. But no matter how powerful the technical fleet modern airports are equipped with, the main functions are still performed by ordinary people - the management of this equipment, logistics, communications, dispatching, etc... 
Official name: Vnukovo Airport Joint-Stock Company
The airport is located 28 km from the center of Moscow.
The senior aviation chief of the aerodrome is the General Director of JSC " international Airport Vnukovo.
- The operating mode of the airport is around the clock.
Schedule coordination - It has two intersecting runways:
- IVPP-1 / MK pos. 238-58 / 3500 m × 60 m.
Reinforced shoulders 10 m on each side, total width of the runway 180 m, clear zones 400 m on each side, PCN 72/R/B/W/T. The top layer of the coating is cement concrete. - IVPP-2 / MK pos. 194-14 / 3060 m × 45 m.
The total width of the runway is 180 m, the free zone adjacent to MK-196 is 150 m, to MK-16 is 200 m. PCN 60/F/D/X/T. The top layer of the coating is asphalt concrete.
- IVPP-1 / MK pos. 238-58 / 3500 m × 60 m.
- Bandwidth:
- when working with one of the runways (1 or 2) - 42 VPO / hour;
- when working simultaneously with 2 runways - 56 VPO / hour (in the future - 85 VPO / hour).
- total area platform - 55 ha.
The apron of the airfield complex is designed to park more than 100 aircraft of various types - from business aviation aircraft to Boeing-747 and An-124-100 Ruslan aircraft. - The Vnukovo-2 air terminal complex, serving the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, uses the runways of Vnukovo Airport.
- The installed radio-technical and lighting equipment, ATC facilities ensure the landing of aircraft in conditions of meteorological minimum according to the 2nd category of ICAO.
- The planes are brought to the parking lot by an escort car.
- Rescue activities are carried out by the airport service.
- The level of fire safety requirements corresponds to category 9 of the Airport Fire Protection Regulation.
- There are no noise restrictions for takeoff/landing at night.
- The language used by the dispatcher console is Russian and English
Refueling of aircraft is carried out by Vnukovo Fuel and Refueling Company CJSC, fuel type is TS-(RS), tank capacity is 17 thousand tons, refueling is carried out by tankers. Fuel with N.P.Z. supplied by rail and pipeline. The price of fuel is at the level of prices at Moscow airports.
Several operators operate at the airport to provide airlines with in-flight meals. Leading among them is CJSC "Restaurant-Vnukovo".
Commercial cargo handling is carried out by CJSC Vnukovo-Terminal. The qualification of the personnel is confirmed by a certificate for the transportation of dangerous goods by air.
In the Ekipazh hotel located on the territory of the airport, the flight crew of airlines is given the opportunity to have a good rest.
Technical characteristics of the airfield
Aerodrome class
Aerodrome Moscow (Vnukovo) is a civil airfield, co-located. Refers to the federal property of the state, is under the economic jurisdiction of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Administration of civil airports (airfields)".
Opening hours - around the clock.
The aerodrome is suitable for aircraft operation, according to the Certificate of state registration and airfield suitability for operation dated 01.25.1995 No. 10 (extended until 07.07.2016), day and night, all year round.
On the basis of Certificate No. 015A-M dated November 14, 2012 (valid until January 15, 2015), the airfield complies with the certification requirements of the Airworthiness Standards for Civil Airfields (NGEA).
Runway 06/24 is equipped with:
with MK POS = 058° for precision landing I, II, IIIA category;
with MK POS = 238° for precision landing I, II, IIIA category.
Runway 01/19 is equipped with:
with MK POS = 013° for precision approach to landing I category;
with MK POS = 193° for precision landing I, II category.
The airfield is suitable for international flights.
Aerodrome location indicator (index)
Moscow (Vnukovo) - UUVV / UUWW (in the Russian Federation / in ICAO), IATA code - VNK / VKO.
Types of serviced (operated) aircraft:
Airbus: A-300, A-310, A-318, A-319, A-320, A-321, A-330, A-340, A-350, A-380 and their modifications;
ATR-42, ATR-72 and their modifications;
Boeing: B-707, B-727, B-737, B-747, B-747-8, B-757, B-767, B-777 and modifications thereof;
bombardier: Challenger-300, Challenger-601, Challenger-604, Challenger-605, Challenger-850 and their modifications;
bombardier: CRJ-100, CRJ-200 and their modifications;
bombardier: BD-700 Global Express, Global-5000 and its modifications;
bombardier: DHC-8 Q200, DHC-8 Q300, DHC-8 Q400;
bombardier: Learjet-31, Learjet-35, Learjet-40, Learjet-45, Learjet-55, Learjet-60 and their modifications;
Cessna-421, Cessna -525, Cessna -550, Cessna -560, Cessna -650, Cessna -680, Cessna -750;
Embraer: EMB-120, Embraer ERJ-135, Embraer ERJ −145, Embraer-195 and their modifications;
Falcon: Falcon-10, Falcon-20, Falcon-50, Falcon-900, Falcon-2000, Falcon-7X and their modifications;
fokker: Fokker-70, Fokker-100 and their modifications;
Gulfstream: Gulfstream-IV, Gulfstream-V, Gulfstream G100, Gulfstream G200, Gulfstream G350, Gulfstream G450, Gulfstream G500, Gulfstream G550;
hawker: Hawker HS125 (BAe125), Hawker 400 (HS-125-400), Hawker 700 (HS-125-700), Hawker 750, Hawker 800ХР (BAe-125-800), Hawker 1000, Hawker Premier I and their modifications;
McDonnell Douglas: DC-9, MD-11, MD-82, MD-83, MD-88 and their modifications;
SAAB: SAAB-340 , SAAB-2000, and their modifications;
