The Egyptian pyramids - the only one of the “seven wonders of the world” that has come down to us - for many centuries have caused not only surprise, but also attracted researchers from different countries of the world. Archaeologists, Egyptologists, mathematicians, and today physicists, chemists and architects put forward various hypotheses and assumptions, trying to understand the purpose of the pyramids and explain how 5 thousand years ago the builders, possessing only primitive tools and instruments of labor, were able to erect megaliths, striking even of our contemporaries with their grandeur and precision of engineering calculations. This is the opinion of the official or, in other words, orthodox Egyptology ...
More than 90 pyramids have survived to this day. Some of them have collapsed from time to time, despite the fact that there is such an Arabic proverb: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of pyramids!" Part of the pyramids is currently covered with sand. The pyramids are located on a rocky plateau that separates the fertile Nile Valley from the dead Libyan desert.
neither. They rise, lined up in a row for 65 kilometers from Cairo to Fayum, as if on a huge ceremonial square, where the Egyptian god of the Sun conducts a daily review,
Scientists believe that there were significantly more pyramids in Ancient Egypt than have been discovered today. In this regard, in recent decades, international scientific expeditions have carried out intensive excavations, for example, in the Sakkara region (south of Cairo), where the most ancient pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser rises.
According to indirect data, it is there that similar structures should be hidden. At the beginning of the 1980s, attempts were made to excavate deep in the sandy sediments, but they did not lead to anything. Success came when archaeologists decided to demolish the top of one of the sandy hills. Stonework was found beneath it, and soon another stepped pyramid, built of massive monoliths, was discovered. According to preliminary data, this tomb was built 4,700 years ago. It will take a long time to fully investigate it ...
None of the monuments of antiquity, in all likelihood, was the subject of such a reverent attitude and about none of them was heaped up with so much pseudoscientific and almost mystical nonsense as about the three pyramids - Cheops (Khufu), Khefren (Khafra) and "Mikerin (Menkaure).
In a burst of unprecedented enthusiasm, neither before nor after enthusiasm, the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty are believed to have built these pyramids between 2700 and 2550 BC. To implement their plans, 11 million cubic meters of stone were broken out in quarries, delivered to the construction site and placed in the bodies of pyramids, in temples and pavements.
Granite for the decoration of the pyramids in Giza was transported, for example, from the Aswan region, for 1000 kilometers. Meanwhile, Egypt did not yet know the wheel of the era of the Ancient and Middle Kingdom. It appeared in this country only in the 17th century before
AD, in the era of the invasion of the Hyksos. But the wheel would still be of little use, since under such a weight it would get stuck in the soft muddy soil along its hub ...; Despite scientific research carried out for more than one century, despite numerous excavations and a whole stream of highly scientific works, no one to this day knows exactly how the ancient Egyptians delivered
stone blocks from quarries to pyramids, what methods of work organization and geodetic techniques they used to achieve incredible precision in the construction of these gigantic structures.
A lot of controversy has taken place and is happening now about the purpose of the pyramids, but for some reason only the pyramid of Cheops has always served as a starting point both for numerous studies and for formulating various hypotheses, guesses and even fictions ... This assumption, however, has certain grounds, since there is an opinion that all the other pyramids of Egypt are only an attempt to imitate it without understanding and intent to invest in their construction any special scientific meaning.
It is strange that the pyramid of Cheops is not mentioned in the early Egyptian written sources. The first mentions of it are found among the Greeks and Romans who traveled to Egypt. However, there is also an alternative point of view that, it would seem, there is no reason to believe that this pyramid had a different purpose than the other 90 of its smaller and even very small “sisters” ...
And yet, numerous circumstances make it possible to give the Cheops pyramid the “palm” among other applicants for research. First of all, it is really a “pyramid of pyramids” (or Great Pyramid). For example, it was built so carefully that the gaps between its stone blocks are no more than 5 millimeters wide; one side of the base is only 20 centimeters longer than the other - this is an error of only 0.0009%! .. Its edges are quite accurately oriented to the cardinal points, and the deviation from the true north-south direction is only about 5 arc minutes.
The Pyramid of Cheops is built of two and a half million blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons (the heaviest is about 15 tons); its height is 147 meters, the length of the side of the base is 230 meters; volume - more
2.5 million cubic meters; this structure weighs more than six million tons ...
A lot of people came to the pyramids. Do not count how many there were - conquerors and adventurers, ordinary robbers and civilized marauders who transported the treasures of ancient Egyptian culture to European museums and private collections, scientists and madmen, travelers and military intelligence officers ... severity, and silent beauty ...
THE INCIDENT IN THE HEFREN PYRAMID
The event, which will be discussed below, took place in April 1984. As always, tourists were near the Khafre pyramid - the second largest on the Giza plateau after the majestic Great Pyramid. Quite an impressive line stood at the entrance to the tunnel leading into the bowels of the pyramid. They were waiting for a group of tourists to appear from the dark passage, who had gone earlier to the burial chamber of Khafren - a small room with an empty sarcophagus, where the mummy of the sovereign was once located. colva ".
And finally they appeared, but in what form! The people climbed out of the tunnel, choking on coughs, red-eyed, staggering with nausea and weakness. Then the tourists said that all as one felt pain in the eyes, irritation in the respiratory tract, severe lacrimation. Many later claimed that it was difficult for them to breathe.
The injured tourists were tried to provide first aid, during which it turned out that the best medicine is fresh air. Nevertheless, they were subjected to a scrupulous medical examination, but no concrete results, despite the numerous
analyzes, it did not give. It was announced that a mysterious gas had leaked into the pyramid by unknown means.
The pyramid was closed to visitors, and a special commission was urgently created. She had to determine the source and chemical composition of the gas, which, as it was believed, had neither color nor smell and spread throughout the few rooms of the pyramid. The persons responsible for tourism in Egypt only shrugged their shoulders, and the local and world press once again remembered the "curse of the pharaohs", which we will talk about a little later ...
Immediately after the tourist incident in the Khafre pyramid, several working hypotheses were put forward trying to explain what happened. According to one of them, gases dangerous to humans could appear from the bowels of the earth through faults in the earth's crust; on the other, they were corrosive gases from the Cairo sewers, somehow penetrating into the pyramid; according to the third, these are the actions of a certain intruder who released an unknown gas into the premises of the pyramid and whose handkerchief with a suspiciously annoying smell was allegedly discovered ...
However, the most interesting version for historians is the one that claims that the unknown gas that appeared in the pyramid is clearly artificial. In other words, that he is one of the traps that the ancient builders built on the way of the robbers who attempted to kill the tombs of the pharaohs, their relatives, top officials and rich people in general.
This version has the right to exist. The fact is that the ancient Egyptians did rob their rich dead. There are a large number of papyri from the end of the New Kingdom era, telling about the trials of the defilers of the tombs, who were the constant object of desires for treasure hunters of all stripes and ranks. Judging by the testimonies of the accused and witnesses, everyone was robbed - from priests and high officials to ordinary slaves.
Bands of robbers literally on their heels followed the funeral processions, hoping to profit from the pharaohs ... The builders secretly filmed plans for the tombs, conspired with the guards, and sometimes the priests. And they calmly carried the treasures out. If it was not possible to agree, such plans were left as a legacy to the children, who later carried out the plans of the fathers.
As an example, we can recall the robbery in Giza of the tomb of Queen Hetap-Heres, the mother of Pharaoh Cheops. She was robbed almost the day after the funeral. But the dignitaries in charge of guarding were afraid to tell the truth to the ruling Pharaoh. They only reported that there was an attempted robbery, but everything remained intact. And then, in the dead of night, secretly from everyone, including the pharaoh, they transferred all the values that remained in the tomb to another place ...
Historical facts show that, despite the deaf bricking up of tombs and all kinds of traps (“wolf pits”; labyrinths; falling from above of stone blocks that blocked the entrances and exits; filling the burial places with tons of sand falling from above, etc.), almost all ancient tombs were robbed ...
But back to our story ... The Egyptian Ministry of Culture and the Department of Antiquities "liked" the version of the malefactor, which was immediately adopted by them. True, representatives of the chemical service of the Egyptian army were also summoned to the area of the Khafre pyramid. They took air samples from all corridors, manholes and the interior of the pyramid for the necessary analyzes, but no official results were reported.
From this it was concluded that there was indeed a dangerous basin in the pyramid; but they do not want to report this, so as not to scare away the visitors. Now the pyramid of Khafre has long been “rehabilitated” and, as before, receives tourists. However, although it is a small, but unresolved mystery, the pyramid of Khafre still remains ...
ASPERGILUS FLAVUS - “THE CURSE OF THE PHARAOH”
For a long time, there are legends that the pharaohs take revenge on people who risked violating their eternal peace ... These legends about the so-called curse of the pharaohs are usually associated with the famous Valley of the Kings, which is located near present-day Luxor and which the rulers of Ancient Egypt chose during the New Kingdom as his final resting place. About eighty years ago, in November 1922, one Howard Carter - a young and ambitious English archaeologist - was excavating the tomb of Tutankhamun. He managed to open the only burial chamber in it, almost untouched by the robbers. The word “almost” is used here because next to the tomb there were three skeletons of ancient robbers who did not manage to take away the rich booty ...
Until recently, it was believed that the scientist and his titled patron Lord Carnarvon, who had been paying the expenses of the expedition for many years, only looked down the well at the found tomb and immediately called the Egyptian authorities. It turned out, however, that before the arrival of the officials, Carter and Carnarvon had managed to “add” the most valuable things to their personal collections. This belated but sensational statement was made by the former director of the American Metropolitan Museum, Hoving, in his book “In Search of Tutankhamun” published in the late 1970s. Its author notes that the stolen treasures were subsequently sold to American museums, the directors of which diligently concealed the origin of these exhibits ... But back to the tomb of Tutankhamun, ..
From below to the very top, it was filled with the wonderful works of art of the ancient Egyptians. With the neatness of a scientist, Carter later described this historical event, each of the things found and handed over to the Egyptian authorities. But I missed two details, although they,
according to some witnesses, they are immediately striking. The first of them is a clay stele, or, more precisely, the inscription on it:
"Death on its wings will come to the one who will disturb the peace of Pharaoh."
No less ominous was the second inscription - on the statue of the guardian angel at the entrance to the tomb:
"It is me who drives away the tomb robbers with the flames of the desert, I am the keeper of Tutankhamun's tomb."
And then the incomprehensible happened: within a few months, out of twenty who were present at the opening of the seals, thirteen people left for another world. And mainly under strange circumstances ...
On November 26, 1922, Carter, together with Carnarvon, who financed the excavations, opened the pharaoh's sarcophagus, and on April 6, 1923, Lord Carnarvon died unexpectedly at the Continental Hotel, suffering from a fever caused by a mosquito bite.
In the same Continental hotel, American archaeologist Arthur Mays, who was present at the sacrament and celebration of the opening of the tomb, died of an unknown transient illness. The first victims were followed by others: Carnarvon's wife died from an insect bite, the radiologist Weed, who shone through the mummy of the pharaoh right in the tomb, the English writer La Fleur, conservation specialist Mays and Carter's secretary, Richard Befill. By 1930, of the direct participants in the excavation, only Howard Carter survived ...
And in the early 1980s, this sad list of "victims of the tomb" was replenished. This list included the pilot and flight engineer of the British military aircraft, on which the treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun were brought to London in 1972. Both died of heart attacks. Other crew members were also injured ": one broke his leg,
another, the house burned down, the only woman on board fell seriously ill, and her husband divorced ...
Soon another “victim” was found, this time on the American continent. It turned out to be San Francisco Police Lieutenant George Lebarsh, who guarded the exhibit of Tutankhamun's treasures in 1978 when she was in the United States. His post was just opposite the golden mask of the Egyptian pharaoh. A year later, the police officer was paralyzed, and three years later, Lebarsh filed a claim for damages in the amount of about 20 thousand dollars to the courts of San Francisco, claiming that the cause of his illness and disability was “the curse of the pharaoh”.
“The Egyptians believe in the curse that the god of death, Osiris, placed on anyone who disturbed the dead,” said Lebarsh’s lawyer. "Wasn't my ward another victim?" Deputy City Attorney Dan Magyur called the argument "far-fetched" and postponed the hearing. Lebarsh apparently lost his claim, since a positive court decision in this case would have become a "world sensation" ...
Attempts to explain the mysterious series of deaths associated with the "curse of the pharaohs" on a scientific basis have failed. He remembered, of course, that the priests supplied the tombs with various traps against those who encroached on the wealth of the deceased pharaohs. The notorious “bioenergy”, allegedly possessed by the ancient Egyptians, was not ignored either. But all these assumptions did not explain the main thing: what caused the death of many researchers?
Some scientists have expressed the opinion that the cause of death was unknown causative agents of the disease, in particular viruses, which have amazing vitality. This hypothesis was recalled when a similar incident occurred in Poland.
A mysterious death befell most of the fourteen who participated in 1973 in the autopsy of the tomb of the Polish king Casimir IV in the crypt of the Wavel Castle
Jagiellonian, who ruled from 1447 to 1492. The procedure was not very long, but its results were deplorable: soon after it, of those who were present in the crypt, only two survived. The rest died from lung diseases or from general poisoning (intoxication) of the body.
The Krakow version of the "curse" prompted scientists to engage in a detailed study of the circumstances of this drama. As a result of the analysis, not only unknown bacteria were found in the sarcophagus, but also one particularly aggressive microbe, which is usually found in swampy areas and buildings rotten from moisture. This microbe was found in the tissues of the body of King Casimir IV, and later in many ancient Egyptian mummies.
Previously, scientists did not assume that this microbe, whose Latin name is “aspergilus flavus”, can live hundreds of years underground without access to air and retain its qualities.
The microbes in question are ubiquitous in spoiled food, soil and water. They do not do much harm to humans. However, their colonies, living for hundreds of years in one place and systematically poisoning their habitat, gradually become poisonous themselves. This microbe is especially dangerous for people whose body is already weakened by the disease ...
For example, French researchers have established that almost everyone who fell victim to the "curse of the pharaohs" suffered from pulmonary or bronchial diseases. Lord Carnarvon's lungs were damaged after a car accident, and therefore he spent the winter months in a warm and mild climate Egypt.
Actually, “aspergilus flavus” always attacks the weakest organ in the human body, and since everyone dies from different causes - hemorrhage, heart attack, cancer - no one associates the consequences with a common cause. When they tried to unravel the "curse of the pharaohs", the mechanism of action of this microbe was not yet known. The question remains unanswered as to whether the “asper-
gilus flavus ”in the phobny of the Jagiellonian by accident, or it was deliberately placed there.
This is a topic for special research, which, perhaps, would confirm the hypothesis that both in Ancient Egypt and in the era of Jagiellonian, there was a special method of protecting the perishable remains from future robbers, who will sooner or later be punished. Some Polish researchers claim that similar methods were used, for example, during the burial of Lithuanian princes.
So, for a long time, the "curse of the pharaohs" remained an unsolved phenomenon, but now there was allegedly a "ray of light in the dark kingdom", namely: the microbe "aspergilus flavus" ... However, several decades later it was discovered that the terrible "curse of the pharaohs" protects not only ancient tombs ... For example, Soviet, and now Russian, soldiers and officers, who have been for a long time in underground bunkers of strategic missile launchers, suddenly began to feel it.
High temperature, headache, chills, and then loss of consciousness - in general, all that felt the archaeologists from the "team of Lord Carnarvon" before their death. True, the death rate was not total, as in the case of the expedition of the English lord ... When the unconscious attendants were raised to the surface, they were gradually cured with the help of antibiotics. But this unusual and inexplicable phenomenon gave rise to a mystical fear among the rocket scientists. Scientists ^ microbiologists helped everyone here, who found that the "curse of the pharaohs" manifested in the rocket scientists is a consequence of the influence of a microscopic pathogenic fungus that lives mainly in the dark ...
In the early 90s of the XX century, the professor of medicine from Cairo University Seind Mohammed Sabet made a discovery that, to a certain extent, sheds light on the problem of the “curse of the pharaohs”.
Accidentally walking with a radioactivity counter through the Gallery of Mummies in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, he discovered
lived that the counter began to register an increase in the level of radiation. Subsequent studies of two dozen mummies confirmed that each of them is a source of radioactivity. What does this mean? ..
According to the assumption of Professor Sabet, the radioactive substance is contained either in the “stone heart” of the pharaoh, or in the so-called heart scarab - a small box that is necessarily present in every mummy. As an indirect confirmation of his hypothesis, Sabet refers to the fact that when he tried to study the mummies using X-rays, it failed: the film behaved as if an intense source of radioactivity was present.
According to the atomic scientist Luis Bulgarini, "the unexplained weakness and impairment of brain activity, from which many researchers of the pyramids suffered, are the result of exposure to radiation." Apparently, the priests used uranium ore (which is still mined in Egypt today) for facing the tombs of the pharaohs.
It turns out that the legend of the "curse of the pharaohs" has a real basis under it: the substance emitting deadly rays was known to the Egyptians five thousand years ago? ..
"JAPANESE" MINI-PYRAMID OF GIZA
To unravel the secrets of the creation of the pyramids, Egyptologists have tried many different methods. But perhaps the most unusual and expensive was the method proposed in the late 1970s by the Japanese television company Nippon. In collaboration with researchers at Waseda University, the company built a fourth mini-pyramid alongside three known ones in Giza.
It was assumed that the purpose of this scientific experiment would be to find out how the ancient Egyptians were able to create these wonderful structures. In the same
time in Egypt, it became known about the find of a group of archaeologists who carried out excavations in the burial area of Pharaoh Amenemkhet II. Inside his tomb related to late XIX century BC, they discovered ... a model of a hitherto unknown pyramid with all internal rooms and passages. This find undoubtedly helped to understand the secrets of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and, of course, was used by Japanese specialists to implement their project.
The "Japanese" pyramid was built of granite and reached a height of about 20 meters, and its width was about 29 meters. It took several months to build the Japanese "wonder of the world of the 20th century"; several thousand people were employed in all these "events".
During construction, following the recommendations of historians, techniques were used that were believed to be used during the time of the pharaohs. For example, more than 70 Egyptian workers, using primitive tools, hewed stone blocks brought from Helwan; a gently sloping sand embankment was erected, along which these blocks were lifted up on special carts, and successively formed more and more rows of minipyramids, etc.
However, contrary to the intentions of Japanese scientists, they did not manage to accurately follow the methods of ancient masters at all stages of construction. Firstly, the facing slabs were trimmed not with stone, but with metal tools. Secondly, at the final stage of construction, a crane had to be used, since the inclined plane was too steep to drag the stone blocks of the last tiers along it.
Nevertheless, cameramen carefully recorded on film every stage of the construction of the mini-pyramid, details of the life of Egyptian workers, etc. Regardless of the extent to which this unusual project expanded our understanding of Ancient Egypt, the television films filmed here were supposed to be
the fifth is an expensive experiment. This was especially important because, according to the terms of the contract, the Nip-Pon company was obliged to dismantle the mini-pyramid immediately after the last shot of its construction was filmed.
The Egyptian press recognized the Japanese construction of a mini-pyramid as a failed experiment and almost immediately started talking about the notorious "curse of the pharaohs", which is allegedly experienced by all those who try to unravel the secrets of the ancient Egyptian pyramids and tombs. ... If in the 20s and subsequent years of the XX century, after the opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the Egyptian newspapers reported that the “wrath” of the pharaohs turned against the English archaeologists and their assistants, now the “curse” fell upon Japanese specialists who built a smaller copy of this next to the Cheops pyramid. miracles of the ancient world. Thus, the construction manager was paralyzed, and two other Japanese specialists under mysterious circumstances received serious head injuries.
The Cairo newspapers saw the result of the "curse of the pharaohs" in the fact that the Japanese scientists and builders did not fulfill their task: they did not answer the main questions that were put before them.
The Japanese "wonder of the world of the 20th century", in accordance with the agreement, was dismantled, and the secret of the construction of the great pyramids remained, as before, unsolved ...
WHEN AND BY WHOM WAS THE CHEOSPYRAMID BUILT?
The Great Pyramid ... The Pyramid of Cheops ... It is strange, but not a single archaeological building in the whole world has been studied for such a long time and so scrupulously as this artificial one " stone mountain"... Basically, the questions posed in the title of this subsection are answered by A. Petukhov's article" Pyramids - anti-nuclear shelters? "
Describing the Great Pyramid - this is a miracle of the Ancient World, Herodotus (V century BC) and other travelers who visited different times in Egypt, referring to the testimonies of local priests, they certainly noted that the largest pyramid was built in the era of the Old Kingdom by order of Pharaoh Cheops. It happened more than 4500 years ago. This opinion is so entrenched in our minds that few people ask themselves the question: “Is it true? Could this particular Pharaoh have built it on the day of his death? "
According to Herodotus, 100 thousand people worked in hard labor conditions for the construction of this pyramid-tomb for ten years, and only the construction of the access roads took ten years. According to our current understanding, all this work was 95% done by hand, and the total weight of the processed and laid stone blocks is 6.5 million tons! Calculations of the effectiveness of the use of muscle strength show that even a 100,000-strong army of builders could not cope with this work in 30 years ...
As you can see, the riddle in this case is not so much the parameters as the timing of the construction of the pyramid.
It turns out that Cheops ruled for only 23 years ... There’s a problem: he couldn’t have given the order to build his own tomb without becoming a pharaoh? If he gave the order to start construction work on the day of accession to the throne, then where was his mummy kept for seven years? Indeed, according to ancient Egyptian customs, the soul of the deceased pharaoh found peace after the grave only after performing the honors corresponding to his rank during the funeral and burying the body in a pyramid specially designed for this.
About 140 years ago, some Egyptian scientists expressed doubts that the Great Pyramid of Giza was related to the Pharaoh Cheops: The fact is that in 1850 a stone stele was dug near the pyramid, which, in addition to self-glorification of Cheops, contained information that the Great Pyramid and
The Great Sphinx had long stood in their places by the time the pharaoh appeared on the historical arena ...
A group of scientists immediately formed who unambiguously declared the stele a fake, since the information contained on it in no way fit into long-established dogmas. Moreover, about a decade and a half earlier, inscriptions were “discovered” inside the Cheops pyramid, which were interpreted as “marks” of stonecutters, allegedly “stamped” on the stone in the 18th year of Cheops’s reign.
It is possible that up to now there would have been endless disputes over whose hieroglyphs are "more truthful" (on the stele or the blocks of the pyramid), if not for the studies of the amateur historian Zachary Sitchin. He proved that the main organizer of the falsification with the "stigma" was ... the English millionaire, colonel of the colonial troops R. Howard Wiese, who was infected with the fever of archaeological discoveries.
It must be said that the forgery of the "stamps" recorded in the diary entries of the Colonel's assistant secretary was very crude. So, for example, the inscriptions were made in "hierarchical writing", which appeared only a few centuries after the reign of Cheops; gross mistakes were made in them, not characteristic of the scribes of the pharaoh - the most literate people of that time, and, finally, the "original source" was established, which Howard Wiese used to draw "his hieroglyphs".
This source turned out to be D. Wilkinson's book "The Matter of Hieroglyphs", which, by the way, contained all the inaccuracies and mistakes made by the English falsifier of history, And the last ... Howard Wiese made an inscription in the pyramid with two royal names - Khufu (Cheops) and Khnum- Khuf (the grandfather of the first), from which the paradox followed: the grandfather continued the construction begun by the grandson !?
Thus, the conclusions from the studies of Z. Sitchin and other Egyptologists, associated with some features of the Great Pyramid, suggest that its anchoring
by the time of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops does not have any reliable justification.
Of undoubted interest in this respect is the message of the Arab scientist of the 9th century Abu Zeid al-Balkhi, which says that inscriptions were supplanted on the facing slabs of the Great Pyramid, now not preserved, from which it followed that since the construction of the giant pyramids of Giza many thousands of years have passed ...
Apparently, "traces of their true creators must be looked for in extremely distant prehistoric eras ... Today, many scientists do not exclude the option that once upon a time there was a very developed civilization on Earth, which, in particular, had access to many of the fantastic achievements that seem to us today. ...
It is not for nothing that some popular science sources associate them with the existence of the legendary Platonic Atlantis (approximately 13.5 thousand years ago). Representatives of such a civilization could, for example, create “libraries” of Ica stones, and build pyramids in Giza, and even fly into near and deep space ...
Let's turn to a relatively recent study of the Cheops pyramid, carried out in March 1983 by a robotics engineer Rudolf Gantenbrik, who sent a controlled robot to the southern shaft of the Queen's Burial Chamber. After walking 65 meters, which was about half the way, the robot transmitted the image of the door ... This undoubtedly indicates the existence of something special there (perhaps more important than the alleged presence somewhere in the pyramid of the pharaoh's mummy) and that the ancient Egyptians tried carefully cover ...
Hence, the assumption naturally arises that the Great Pyramid was built for some other purpose and is not an ordinary tomb of a royal person ...
feral constellations, which may have been associated with the religious beliefs of the Egyptians.
In 1996, the book "Secrets of the Pyramids" by Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert was published in Russia; and in 1997 - the book by Graham Hancock "Traces of the Gods". It follows from these books that as a result of many years of studying the Great Pyramid, the Belgian civil engineer R. Bauval (taking into account the measurements of the angles of the pyramid shafts carried out by R. Gantenbrik) made an amazing discovery in 1993.
He established that the southern shaft of the Pharaoh's burial Chamber is directed towards the stars of the Orion Belt, associated with the god Osiris, who brought civilization to the Nile Valley, and the shaft from the Queen's Chamber is oriented towards Sirius, the star of the goddess Isis. This situation is by no means accidental, but, apparently, is connected with the purpose of the pyramids of Giza.
Bauval saw in the sky what the Egyptologists, accustomed to looking only at the ground at their feet, missed, namely: the two lower stars of Orion's belt, Al-Nitak and Al-Nilam, form a perfect straight line, and its third star, Mintaka, turns out to be displaced to the left of the observer, that is, to the east. This is how the three most famous pyramids were placed on the Giza plateau. Bauval discovered that on the plan of the necropolis of Giza, the pyramid of Cheops corresponds to the position of Al-Nitak, the second pyramid of Khaphren takes the place of Al-Nilam, and the third pyramid of Mikerin is displaced to the east in relation to the diagonal formed by the other two.
Thus, the three pyramids of Giza are a kind of map of the three stars from Orion's Belt, and they not only accurately reflect their relative position, but also characterize their magnitude by their relative sizes.
Further research has shown that the monuments of Giza are generally positioned so that they form a map of the sky. But this map looks absolutely different from how it should have looked in the era of the IV dynasty (2500 ^ year BC), but how it looked (and only so!)
about 10 450 BC (it seems to us that it is more accurate - in 10 478 BC - A. V.). In other words, this sky map takes into account the changes that occur as a result of precession ...
Recall that precession is the extremely slow motion of the Earth's axis of rotation along a circular cone, the cycle of which lasts 25,980 years. It is clear that this phenomenon is hardly noticeable and can be recorded during long-term observations of the stars.
Surprisingly, the “true builders” of the pyramids of Giza, orienting the mines of the burial chambers of the Queen and the Chambers of the Pharaoh of the Great Pyramid strictly to certain stars, knew that these stars would necessarily change their position over time, but their orientation would repeat after a certain time according to a cyclical law as a result of precession ...
And also the “true builders” knew that this orientation of the mine would, as it were, “fix” some “time point” from the general cycle of time ... But why did they mention 10,450 (or 10,478) BC? Why exactly on this date did the “true builders” of the Giza pyramids want to attract someone's attention? ..
R. Bauval established that the position of the pyramids of the Giza complex always approximately reproduces the position of the stars in the Orion Belt, but exactly corresponds to it, as Bauval said, only in one case:
“In 10 450 BC - and only! - the location of the pyramids on Earth accurately reflects the location of the stars in the sky ... First, absolutely by chance, the Milky Way, as it was seen in Giza in 10 450 BC, exactly; secondly, to the west of the Milky Way, three stars in Orion's Belt were at their minimum height according to the precession cycle ... "
Let's say a few words about the date very close to the above, namely 10 478 BC. In the book "Secrets of Atlantis", published by the publishing house "Veche"
The reason for this was the approach of Halley's comet to the Earth and the intense “bombardment” of the latter by fragments - fellow travelers of the comet. So, the date 10 478 BC is also the time of the next subsequent rapprochement of the two above-mentioned celestial bodies, which, apparently, coincided with the lowest point of the precessional cycle of the constellation Orion.
Perhaps the "true builders" of the pyramids, who decided to create an eternal memorial in 10 478 BC in Giza, were representatives of a highly developed human civilization, which could also be called ... Plato's Atlantis!
And the gap of 8000 years between the dating of the beginning of the construction of the pyramids and, possibly, its completion is, of course, a long time. However, it is not too long for a purposeful cult, which has set itself the goal of transmitting to its descendants information about a worldwide cataclysm that happened on Earth about a thousand years before that, and that the almost complete destruction of mankind is an integral part of its life on our planet, what is the event has apparently happened many times already and will probably repeat itself again ...
WHY WERE THE PYRAMIDS BUILT?
At first glance, it may seem strange to ask the question: why did you need to build the pyramids? Orthodox Egyptology gives an unequivocal answer to him: to bury the mummy of the deceased pharaoh, so that his soul finds eternal rest after death.
Yes, there is no doubt that the previously built pyramids were used by the Egyptians as tombs. But were they originally intended for this? .. And this is far from an idle question, "since they have-
There are good enough reasons, if not to refute, then at least to doubt the assertion of Egyptologists ...
So, for example, there is a fairly widespread opinion that such giants as the Great Pyramid (and others like it) served not only as the tombs of the pharaohs. Many ancient authors believed that in the size, shape, wall inscriptions of the pyramids, their builders, who had a deeper knowledge of the Universe than we - people of the XXI century, tried to preserve them for future generations.
Some modern researchers agree with this point of view, who sincerely doubt that such a gigantic and complex structure like the pyramid of Cheops was erected only as a tomb, even if one of the greatest and most powerful pharaohs.
If we assume that the Great Pyramid is a tombstone, then it should contain the pharaoh's mummy, accompanying treasures and utensils, which the ancient Egyptians usually put next to the deceased in the confidence that it would be useful to him in the afterlife. At the same time, it is known that the first "cracker" of the Cheops pyramid, the Baghdad caliph al-Ma'amun, did not find anything like it in it. However, as noted above, it is unclear whether all the premises of the pyramid are known today ...
The mysticism of the pyramids for many centuries was fueled, as it was believed, until recently, by the unbridled imagination of Herodotus, who is “guilty” of spreading the legend that the pyramid of Cheops was erected over an underground lake, in the middle of which there is an island where the pharaoh and his countless treasures are buried. ... By the way, in the last years of the XX century, the Russian builder A.A. Vasiliev put forward a hypothesis that confirms ... the correctness of Herodotus.
At the end of November 1986, Moskovsky Komsomolets published an article by N. Bondrovsky and S. Kashnitsky, “The Last Mystery of the Sphinx,” which refers to
hypothesis A.A. Vasiliev. This researcher suggested that the pyramid of Cheops was not built at all as Herodotus tells (of hundreds of thousands of individual blocks), but is, in essence, a built-up rock.
A. Vasiliev reconstructed the construction technology of the pyramid, from which it followed that in addition to the long-known galleries, there should have been a hidden tunnel in the pyramid. He could, as the author of the hypothesis believed, lead researchers to the tomb of the pharaoh and his treasures. A. Vasiliev proposed to test his hypothesis and indicated several “distinctive points” in the pyramid, the study of which could confirm it (the hypothesis).
So, Nikolai Bondrovsky decided during a trip to Egypt to tackle the “Vasiliev problem”. It should be noted that Bondrovsky was very lucky in this respect, since, thanks to the support of the Egyptian authorities, he "ended up in the pyramid not as a tourist, but as a researcher." He calmly photographed everything and visited places where “mere mortals” were not allowed to come close.
Unfortunately, Bondrovsky did not succeed in either confirming or refuting the hypothesis of our compatriot. It turned out that Vasi-.lyev was mistaken in some of his assumptions. Some of the “points” offered for verification simply turned out to be inaccessible. But it was confirmed that "the passages in the pyramid were punched in the rocky ground." True, it turned out to be impossible to determine to what height this is true. In addition, Bondrovsky “managed to see the block, which, according to Vasiliev, closes the entrance to the secret gallery. This is an amazing discovery! ”...
In an interview with S. Arsenyeva (“If the Sphinx laughs ..,”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets” dated December 16, 1994) to her question: “Why haven't you organized a serious expedition yet?” N. Bondrovsky replied:
“Having devoted several years to this problem, I realized that attempts of this kind are ineffective. Funny know
many were of the opinion that the Egyptian pyramids are in the desert. Dig to your health ... Nothing like that!
The pyramids are located on the outskirts of Cairo, in a residential area called Giza. The pyramid of Cheops ... is guarded cleaner than our mausoleum. And I have not the slightest doubt that the EGYPTIAN KNOW PERFECTLY WHAT AND WHERE IS IN IT. It would be strange to think that they just sit and wait for the clever Japanese, American or French to reveal their secrets! The pyramid is regularly repaired, restored, and EGYPTIAN SCIENTISTS KNOW EVERYTHING THAT IS PUBLISHED ON THIS TOPIC IN THE WORLD, ALL OUR HYPOTHESES AND FANTASIES ... Getting permission to conduct an expedition is a whole problem. There are dozens of world famous universities in line. I suspect that IF THE APPLICATION PROVIDES SOMETHING REALLY ABLE TO LEAD TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PYRAMIDAL SECRETS, THE EXPEDITION WILL BARE. There are several reasons for this. First, the simplest: tourism is not the country's last source of income, and the pyramids are a magnet for tourists. Especially as long as they keep their secrets. Agree: the gutted treasury, despite all its antiquity, is much less attractive. Another reason is less obvious. There are legends (not only in Egypt) that the discovery of the secret of the Sphinx and the pyramids is directly related ... to the end of the world ... It is quite natural that there is hardly an eccentric who would allow anyone to conduct such risky experiments in their home ... There are also technical difficulties: Egyptian scientists are well aware of how quickly the most valuable finds turn to dust, except, probably, gold, if they are not immediately preserved on the spot. It's too difficult for now.
In short, the ANCIENT DEPARTMENT WILL VERY CAREFULLY LET THERE NOBODY FIND ANYTHING. Scientists are obliged to make all the research results available to him, and ONLY THE DEPARTMENT DETERMINES WHICH PART OF THE INFORMATION MAY BE PUBLISHED. "
The opinion of N. Bondrovsky can be trusted. This is evidenced by the following fact ...
It is known that in China near the city of Xi'an, Europeans at the end of the 20th century “discovered” several dozen pyramids. German archaeologist Hartwig Hauzdorf and his Austrian colleague Peter Crassus visited this region of China and noticed that the Chinese have been planting fast-growing trees and shrubs on the slopes of the earthen pyramids for several years.
As they studied the pyramids, scientists came to the conclusion that these landings were carried out deliberately in order to “disguise” the pyramids as natural hills. P. Crassa asked one of the leading Chinese archaeologists, Professor Qia Nai, why scientists would not open the pyramids to study their contents.
“This is the work of future generations,” Qia Nai replied. It is possible that the Chinese do not dare to undertake such studies for fear of finding in the pyramids some material evidence of events that could "overturn" today's ideas about the history of China, and about ancient history humanity! ..
However, let's go back to Egypt and try to summarize ...
Yes, the pyramids in Tiz are grandiose ... But they are not inferior to the “pyramids” that have appeared over many centuries, as well as in recent decades, of hypotheses and assumptions about their true purpose and role in the ancient history of mankind. Even a simple list of some of the advanced versions, and sometimes even conjectures, speaks volumes ...
So what are the Egyptian pyramids of Giza? They can be:
Tombs or cenotaphs (false tombs) of the pharaohs,
Encyclopedias of knowledge,
Stone textbooks on astronomy, geometry, etc.,
Astronomical observatories,
Solar temples (clocks) annually celebrating the periods of the equinox,
Theodolites for taking out plans of the area,
Barriers against the advancing desert sands,
Border fortresses
Refuge from flood and deluge
- "beacons" of the desert,
Granaries (granaries of the biblical Joseph),
Anti-nuclear shelters from the effects of "divine weapons"
Moorings for the biblical ark of Noah,
Lightning rods,
Architectural standards containing a specific building module,
Temple of the Holy Grail,
Alien information capsule,
UFO landing pad, etc.
So, everything that is known about the pyramids has been known for a long time. We know everything or almost everything about them ... Today scientists come up with various useful uses for them to justify the appearance of the pyramids, fiercely argue about whether they were granaries, observatories or a pier for UFOs ...
However, more than a hundred years ago, books were published in which the pyramids are called, for example, places for various magical and religious ceremonies, including initiation and initiation. But orthodox scholars even now treat this mystical literature with disgust ...
“As follows from the analysis of the composition of the pyramids in Giza, they were conceived and designed as a single interconnected complex of structures with a common multi-purpose purpose, and at the same time, each of the objects performed its own functions peculiar only to it ...
In my work ... I made the assumption that, apparently, the previous civilization (possibly Atlantis) prepared 10 thousand years ago the blueprints, technology and place for the construction of the pyramids, and possibly made some kind of breakdown of them on the ground , and found a way to transmit documents to her descendants for millennia ahead. The coincidence of the configuration of the pyramids with Orion's Belt indicates that underground and zero cycle works were carried out on the Giza plateau 12,500 years ago ...
Approximately 12.5 thousand years ago, there was a transition from the era of Virgo to the era of Leo ... The preparation of the foundations of the pyramids and the creation of the Great Sphinx were carried out about 13,000 years ago ... The Sphinx was carved at a turning point - with its head to the east. That is, where in 13 thousand years a new transition will occur, but already the point of the autumn equinox from the constellation Virgo to the constellation Leo. The cycle of precession will come to an end, and this completion will be as difficult and unimaginably dangerous for humanity as the previous one, which entailed the death of Atlantis ”.
Thus, from the above, we can conclude that any Egyptian pharaoh who built the pyramid did not determine its purpose and did not choose the place of its installation. In fact, it was not the pharaoh who built the pyramid: he only exercised control over the construction.
At the same time, the powerful apparatus of the priests, as it were, directed its creation, although it is very likely that the priests also did not know the ultimate goals of the construction ...
As if confirming everything said above and developing further, A. Chernyaev in his last book “The time of the pyramids - the time of Russia. A single plan ”, published in collaboration with S.N. Udalova in 2000, expressed the following thought:
“... The fields of the pyramids, erected over almost a millennium, formed on the surface of Ancient Egypt the CONTOUR OF A GIANT EGG about 85 kilometers long, and the sharp end of this contour is directed strictly to the south.
This is the main goal of the Creator, which, unconsciously or consciously, painfully and joyfully for many centuries, was fulfilled by the people of Egypt, creating “separate” pyramids “accidentally planted” in the desert as if by the will of their “tormentors” - the pharaohs ... That is why the peak of the giant pyramid building ends with Gizo, and the subsequent pyramids became qualitatively different - imitators. TO DIVERT ATTENTION FROM THE CONFIGURATION FORMED BY THE PYRAMIDS, THEY BECAME TO BUILD CONSTRUCTUALLY NON-HONELESS, BRINGING THE ATTENTION OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS OF RESEARCHERS FROM THE EXTERNAL PART OF THE PYRAMIDS TO THE INSIDE OF THE INSIDE, INSIDE
“All ... factors turn out to be unsubstantiated when it turns out that the“ random ”method of erecting the pyramids“ delineated ”, in the end, on an area of 85x55 kilometers. OUTLINE IS HUGE-
GO EGGS - a symbol of the revival of life, thereby proving that the construction of the pyramids was carried out by the hands of people according to the one drawn by the Creator and for a specific purpose ”...
A. Chernyaev speaks about the “gigantic” or “huge” contour of the egg, which forms a complex of pyramids in Egypt, but he does not explain in any way the prerequisites for the “origin” of this pyramid formation ... Perhaps, to some extent, first discovered by A. Chernyaev The “PYRAMID EGG” is associated with the representation of the African Dogon tribe, about which A. Chernyaev writes in his book:
“... In this description (we are talking about the formation of all spiral-stellar worlds of our world by Amma. and the unity of all living things. It should be noted that TO THIS LEVEL OF UNIVERSE UNDERSTANDING, MODERN SCIENCE HAS NOT RISE YET, it has been sucked in by the so-called Big Bang theory. Or, which is the same thing, the theory of the dead Universe. "
So, despite their venerable age, and maybe just because of this, the Egyptian pyramids continue to spin the heads of those scientists and adventurers who are sincerely convinced that far from all the secrets of these colossi have been revealed. Whether such a statement is legitimate - further research will show, if no one interferes with them, the Egyptian pyramids ...
3-04-2017, 11:17 |
The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have been capturing human attention for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the more interesting becomes the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.
It is known that Napoleon in the 18th century. not yet being emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted by mystical legends during the Egyptian campaign. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very bewildered and even a little frightened, silently with difficulty sitting on a horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then; he took this secret with him.
And for many years now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left to us. Nobody can say how they were built and what they were intended for.
The Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has increased dramatically. But until now it is not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions and some of them are able to change the idea. modern man about ancient civilizations. remain a big mystery to man, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.
One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler, who lived in the same century, claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to preserve books and other valuable items.
In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, and crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no evidence in the form of inscriptions of hieroglyphs or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.
On September 17, 2002, the media reported that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone expected the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But all x were disappointed, they could not penetrate far. This is due to the construction of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.
The secret about the inner content of the pyramids
In 1872 the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called Queen's Chamber. Upon tapping, he discovered voids, then with a pickaxe he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.
Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Later, specialists from Japan applied special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the entire area and the rest of the area up to the Sphinx. Research has shown many labyrinthine voids, but it was not possible to get there. And those premises that scientists could investigate did not produce results. There was no mummy or any remnants of material culture at all.
So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after several centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.
The mystery of the Caliph's penetration into the Egyptian pyramid
One historical fact can be cited as proof of the theory that it was initially empty. In IX, the Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered with his detachment. When they were inside in the king's chamber, they had to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything was, as if cleaned out, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.
This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all those built by the 3rd and 4th dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial at all were found. And some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is another mystery too ..
In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. There was a sarcophagus in it. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it turned out to be empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacred. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then left there already deified. However, this does not appear to be a rational assumption. Most of all, belief is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.
This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - "Damascus tables". Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the depths of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.
An alternative approach to studying the Egyptian pyramids
There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to research by geologists, a pyramid is a lump of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid for some time became sharp again.
It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for converting energy into other more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.
This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its own followers. Different scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures in different ways. Much uncertainty remains. Even elementary - how did such massive structures survive for millennia. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.
It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations collapsed long ago. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the upper facing fell from the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.
The mystery of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.
Already from the 19th century. many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they drew amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the slabs is selected with an accuracy of the millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not even allow a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants at that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.
The width between the granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. It's brilliant and defies explanation. This is the precision that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. The right angles and the precise symmetry between the four sides are also striking. But an even more important mystery is who nevertheless brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base here. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is unclear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.
The mystery of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids
Assumptions are put forward that a modern person simply has no idea what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible without modern jacks and other tools to build what has been built.
Sometimes versions are put forward simply at first glance absurd - what kind of technologies were these, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations... Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such a construction. This could have been done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.
Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved to the right place. And 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians' capabilities. On the territory of Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.
It is also interesting that no hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption is put forward about the levitation technique. Based on the myths and legends of ancient peoples, you can extract a lot of useful information in this regard. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, this theory explains a lot.
Egyptian pyramids and secrets around them
Of course, even alternative versions, if you really cannot be discounted, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what these structures are. It immediately becomes clear that it is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by manual labor. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again, not simple. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.
Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But then they put forward other versions. They accurately determined to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription more than 1.5 km long would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would exceed three times the volume of the pyramid itself. The question also arises from what to build. It would be impossible to build from simple soil for sure, since they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.
Another mystery is what tools the blocks were used for building. And in general they were built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version on this issue. There are many secrets that are still inaccessible to humans. Both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones were presented here. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And therefore, such alternative versions also have a right to exist.
The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video
In the distant red-hot sands of Egypt created man-made miracle light that excites the minds of researchers of different times. How many theories and hypotheses about their construction and purpose have already been expressed! The riddles and secrets of the Egyptian pyramids disturb not only scientists, but also ordinary people. How were such gigantic structures erected in antiquity? You involuntarily begin to think about the intervention of extraterrestrial civilizations.
Who built the Egyptian pyramids
The Soviet occultist E.P. Blavatskaya believes that the pyramids were not built 2500 years before our era, but 75 years earlier. And they were supposed to store the gene pool of humanity - the Atlanteans, who erected the pyramids.
Nostradamus also expressed his opinion that the pyramids were built by the natives of Atlantis, but they did not do it by mechanical actions on the blocks, but mentally acted on gravity.
Thanks to scientific research, we know about the voids under the pyramids, as well as under the Sphinx. Scientists launched a robot into the mines of the lower tier, but he did not go far - every now and then he stumbled upon limestone doors.
Giant structures are literally riddled with mines, canals and voids along their entire length! And it has already been scientifically proven - all mines and canals were laid according to the maps of the starry sky. A vertical channel runs along the centerline, supposedly for communication with ancestors or the Universal mind.
There is also a large number of rooms that have nothing to do with the burial ceremony. During the excavations, low-light lanterns were found - they were used for painting and arranging inside the pyramids.
The mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids are directly related to Imhotep. His activities left an imprint on the entire history of Egypt - from 2630 BC. e. It is he who is the high priest and chief adviser to the pharaoh. It was he who created the project of the first pyramid from stone blocks. He was considered the god of medicine, architecture and philosophy.
Who actually built them? This question worries every person who is at least somewhat interested in the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Slave labor, primitive tools and less than 40 years of construction for each - and such a result ?! After all, they did not even have modern technologies ...
And the pyramids were built from stones mined in the Aswan quarries, which are located in the Macedonian mountains - tens of kilometers from Giza. The Egyptians indicated that they transported stones along the Nile in boats, and then rolled them to the construction site. But the boats are light - they would easily sink from the weight of at least one such block. And even if the stones were rolled, there would be a road and pieces breaking off from the blocks.
Date palms with very soft woods would not have supported a single block, and the palms themselves were not large enough to support such a large-scale construction.
The weight of the pyramid is 6,500 billion tons. The construction took 2,300,000 stone blocks. Not only did the blocks have to be mined and delivered to the designated place, they had to be dragged to a great height. According to the calculations of scientists, it turned out that 20,000 workers, erecting 10 monoliths, would have spent 664 years to fully erect the gigantic structure. But it is not realistic for the Pharaoh to live a good six hundred years!
The frescoes of the Khufu pyramid depict figures very similar to airplanes, helicopters, ships and submarines. But how could the Egyptians know about such technologies? How could you carve images so similar to modern technology? All that remains is to make a helpless gesture. So far, we have not been given the answer.
Historians have worked hard to debunk the secrets of the great Egyptian pyramids. In their opinion, these grandiose structures are just the tombs of the pharaohs of antiquity, built for them by the backbreaking work of hundreds of thousands of slaves. But in fact, with pyramids, everything is not so simple, and inquisitive minds find everything in the pyramids, their structure and shape. more secrets, the clues to which have yet to be found.
The mystery of the Chinese pyramid
Pyramids, it turns out, are not only in Egypt. In China, near the city of Xi'an, there are at least 16 pyramids. Alas, this site has been a forbidden military zone for many years. Therefore, it was possible to find them only by chance: in 1947, an American named Maurice Shinan took several pictures Chinese pyramids flying over them in a light plane. The pictures were published by several American newspapers. The Chinese authorities immediately responded to these publications with an official letter, in which they stated that "the existence of these pyramids has not been confirmed by anything." Many years passed before the Chinese government nevertheless confirmed the existence of these structures, however, calling them nothing more than "trapezoidal tombs." Since then, several scientists have managed to observe the tombs with their own eyes, but the Chinese authorities are in no hurry to provide opportunities for their study. It is still unknown what they are hiding in the Xi'an area.
Why isn't the Egyptian authorities stopping the vandals?
It is not so easy for scientists from all over the world to get permission from the Egyptian authorities to excavate and simply research in the area of the pyramids. Every time, government officials strictly stipulate where this or that scientist can conduct his research, and violation of the established rules is fraught with serious troubles with the authorities. But with the Egyptians, oddly enough, things are completely different! Everyone who was at the great pyramids of Giza saw obsessive souvenir merchants who, in addition to lurid clay cats and busts of Tutankhamun, sell pieces of stone chipped from the pyramids. And recently, near the pyramids, tourists noticed the famous Cuban actress of "films for adults" Carmen De Luz, and in a very frank form, from which the observers concluded that some not very decent movie was being shot in the interiors of the pyramids. As a result, a paradoxical situation turns out: for scientists, penetration into the area of the pyramids is a problem, but for vandals the road is open! The Egyptian government has been promising to change the situation for some time, but things, as they say, are still there. Why is it so difficult for the Egyptian authorities to admit scientists to the ancient tombs, but do not see the problem in the fact that local marauders are infiltrating them? Perhaps they are afraid that overly attentive pundits will notice something that they do not need to know about? The question is still open.
And there are pyramids in Sudan!
Yes, Egypt is by no means the only country where the pyramids have been erected. They also exist in Sudan, and in this African side there are more of them than in any other country in the world! There are 255 Nubian pyramids in Sudan. Only 14 of them are dedicated to the warlike Sudanese princesses. The rest of the legacy of the warlike Nubians who lived in this territory in the 6th century BC. At the top of each of the pyramids was an image of the solar disk. Rumor has it that the Nubians stole the idea of the pyramids from the Egyptians, building similarities to the great pyramids for the burial of 21 kings and 52 queens. However, it is possible that these tombs were built in parallel - at least according to scientists, the Nubian tombs in Sudan date back no earlier than 10 thousand years BC, and the Egyptians did not take part in their construction. Alas, not all Sudanese pyramids are available for study today - in 1834, adventurer Giuseppe Ferlini destroyed 40 Sudanese tombs in search of treasures. It is noteworthy that no one believed in the antiquity of the artifacts he obtained, and he could not sell them. This is what is called "bad karma"!
Thermal scanning revealed bright spots in the pyramids
In October 2015, an international team of scientists, together with specialists from the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University, conducted a thermal scan of the great Egyptian pyramids, using thermal imaging and neon radiography technology commonly used to study active volcanoes... During temperature scans of Tutankhamun's tomb, scientists found a sharp temperature jump in its northern part, indicating that there is a hidden cavity under the surface of the slabs. According to Nicholas Reeves, a researcher at the University of Arizona, the high-resolution image shows that inside the tomb there is a hidden door to unexplored chambers and to the resting place of Queen Nefertiti, wife of Tut's father. But that's not all. Hot spots have been found in all three great pyramids of Giza. Researchers don't know what that means: it's just that, for some strange reason, some blocks are hotter than others, and this has nothing to do with the weather. On the this moment researchers are looking for hidden cameras in the pyramids to explain this phenomenon.
Hidden pyramids in Antarctica
In some photographs, on maps Google earth one can see pyramidal tombs in the snows of Antarctica. Researchers call them "snow pyramids". The public on the Internet, seeing these images, believes that the Antarctic pyramids were built by the human civilization that lived in Antarctica. Two of the three Antarctic pyramids are located on the continent, and one is in close proximity to the coastal line. each of them corresponds in shape to the pyramids of Giza. The first of them was discovered by the Antarctic expedition in the period from 1901 to 1913. At the same time, geologists decided not to inform the world about their discovery. Some researchers believe that these pyramids served as housing for people, since 100 years ago the temperature in Antarctica was significantly higher than it is now. Dr. Vanessa Bowman of the British Center for Antarctic Research states: "100 million years ago, Antarctica had rainforests like those in New Zealand today." Some researchers believe that the pyramids in Antarctica are the legacy of the Atlanteans. And, in their opinion, they can completely change our view of the history of mankind. However, skeptics consider them to be nothing more than hilly ice formations that have been growing over millions of years. Further research will show who is right.
Italian pyramids
In 2011, archaeologists who excavated an Etruscan tomb in one of the cities of Italy were faced with an incomprehensible mystery. A group of scientists from Italy and the United States excavated under a wine cellar in the town of Oriveto, where they discovered a staircase in the wall. Continuing to dig, they found several chambers and tunnels connecting them. By analyzing the structure of the discovered tomb, they soon realized what she had done in the shape of a pyramid. The construction was dated to about 900 BC. In shape, it resembled Sudanese tombs. Considering that the army of the Roman Empire conquered the territory of Sudan even before our era, scientists began to look for a connection between the Sudanese tombs and their Italian find, as well as with another Italian structure - the Cestius pyramid in Rome. This pyramid, located in the Protestant cemetery area, is one of the oldest and most protected Italian landmarks. Until recently, it was in a dilapidated state, but after the Japanese businessman Yuzo Yagi donated 1 million euros for its renovation, it was completely restored and opened to the public in May 2015.
They also love pyramids in Canada
Canada is a young country, and the fact that in Edmonton, Alberta, there are pyramids similar to the Egyptian, few will immediately believe. Meanwhile, this city is just full of pyramids! In the center, near the Muttart Conservatory, there are pyramidal greenhouses, where plants from all over the world are cultivated - from Africa to Western Canada... On the roof of Edmonton City Hall rises a huge glass pyramid that changes colors every few months, turning green, blue, red, purple and orange in turn. And at McEwan University, less than 10 kilometers from City Hall and Muttadt Conservatory a few blocks from City Hall, there are two pyramids in front of the entrance. There are several other buildings in Edmonton that have pyramids on them. The reasons why the people of Edmonton are so fond of the pyramids are not known to anyone.
Who Built the Pyramids?
Probably not everyone remembers that. that the Egyptians at the time of the construction of the pyramids were typical black Africans. According to scientists, there is no reason to assume that representatives of races other than the typical population of northern Africa could live in Egypt at that time. But even more interesting is that, contrary to popular belief, the builders of the pyramids, apparently, were not tortured slaves. The legend of the use of slave labor in the construction of the pyramids was the first to be invented by ancient Greek historians - and today Hollywood has readily embraced it. In fact, skilled workers from all over Egypt worked on the construction of the pyramids. At the same time, judging by the preserved records, in addition to wages, they received another interesting privilege: a worker who died during construction had the right to be buried in the tomb next to the pharaoh. If it were about slaves, the Egyptians would not have tolerated such a violation of the caste principle.
Mysteries of the Greek Pyramids
Another country where the pyramids were discovered is Greece. Several structures, called the pyramids of Argolis, are one of the most famous ancient monuments of this Greek city. Until recently, it was believed that these buildings are ancient tombs, since in the ancient Roman manuscripts it was said that soldiers who fought for the throne of Argos were buried here. But in the twentieth century, scientists doubted this, on some grounds deciding that they were intended for some other, hitherto unknown purposes. Another pyramid in Greece, apparently, existed north-west of the Peloponnese, but little remained of it: over the centuries locals stole a stone for their needs.
Orion's Mystery
One of the things that astonish scientists about the Egyptian pyramids is that they were literally built in the center of the earth. The relative position of the chambers of the king and queen in the largest pyramid reflects the relative position of Orion and Sirius on the firmament. Here is what the author of the book "Fingerprints of God" Robert Boval writes about this: "
A mind-boggling fact about the Egyptian pyramids is they are made literally in the center of the earth. At the southern point of the King's Chamber inside of the Great Giza Pyramid, is the same point of the Belt of Orion. The Queens chambers are in the direction of the Sirius star. Here is a quote from The Fingerprints of the Gods by Robert Bauval: "The constellation of Orion is as oriented along the Milky Way as the Great Pyramids are along the Nile. And the star, which the Arabs call Mintaka, is oriented in relation to Orion and Sirius in the same way as the smallest of the pyramids in relation to the other two. The location of the pyramids on Earth exactly matches the orientation of the brightest stars in the firmament in the year 10450 BC. "
What were the pyramids made of?
Probably, this news will disappoint many, but, nevertheless, the fact remains. For centuries, Egyptologists have admired the art of Egyptian engineers, who managed to put together such huge and geometrically complex shapes from huge limestone blocks. However, only in our time, when it became possible to carry out spectral analysis, it turned out that limestone blocks, as well as more expensive alabaster, granite and basalt were used only for decoration, including external. Most of the interior interiors were built of raw bricks with the addition of straw - the main material from which most buildings were built in the era of the Old Kingdoms - from the poor man's shack to the royal palaces. This, of course, adds prosaism to the buildings, but does not detract from the engineering talents of the ancient Egyptians.
Where did the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza disappear?
Looking at the photo of the largest of the pyramids of Giza, it is easy to see that the severity of the form of this ancient tomb is violated only once. Where the gaze simply requires a final top stone that completes the strict triangles of the walls, there is only a flat area that violates the impeccability of the geometric construction. Why? On this account, there are several versions. One of them says that the top stone was gold and was stolen many centuries ago. Another is that the site at the very top was conceived flat for some reason unknown to us. But the Spanish researcher Miguel Perez Sanchez claims that at the top of the pyramid was the so-called Eye of Horus - a mystical transparent sphere symbolizing the union of the Sun and Sirius - the star of Isis. It is impossible to say with certainty who is right.
Ancient pyramids of Bosnia
And again the pyramid in Europe! This time - the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon. According to historians, it is the largest and oldest stepped pyramid in the world. It was discovered by an American researcher from Boston, Bosnian by origin Semir Osmanagich. In 2006, he publicly announced that he had discovered on Mount Visočica, where he had been excavating, underground passages and interspersed with lime mortar - and, after months of excavation, having removed many layers of the earth, showed people a mountain that really was a pyramid! However, the Bosnian geologists did not believe Osmanagich's statements and, after checking his conclusions, in turn, said: Visočica is not a pyramid at all, but the most ordinary hill, which nature has given a shape similar to a stepped one. And that the steps are so even - this is Osmanagich's "cruel joke" to blame. However, the Boston Bosnian himself does not give up and claims that he found a real pyramid in his homeland, and geologists are simply captivated by stereotypes. Who is really right, time will tell.
So what were the pyramids actually used for?
Back in school, we were taught that the pyramids are the tombs of the pharaohs, and nothing else. However, what we have learned today about the pyramids, including those built outside Egypt, casts doubt on this. In fact, historians agree with us. Today, there is much more than one version explaining what the pyramids were really needed for. In particular, experts suggest that they were used as treasures, giant antennas for communication with the gods and feeding with divine energy, meaningless structures conceived to create jobs and relieve social tension, shelter during sandstorms and floods of the Nile, houses of tolerance for the highest Egyptian nobility and even a treatment plant for the purification of Nile waters. and the author of each of these unexpected theories has his own proofs. Which one is right? As usual, time will tell.
NASA experts have found pyramids in space!
And finally, at the end of the day, here's a brand new, fresh riddle! Compared to the pyramids, she's just a baby - she's not yet 10 years old. In 2007, NASA launched the robotic Rassvet spacecraft to explore Ceres, a minor planet in the solar system located in the asteroid belt. Now look at the photograph that Breaking Dawn sent to the perplexed scientist from Ceres! On the surface of the planet, a structure is clearly visible, outlines like two drops of water similar to a pyramid! It turns out that this form is sacred not only for the Earth, but also for space? Let's hope that this mystery will be solved faster than the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids, over which scientists have been fighting for more than a century.
Long gone are the days when the Egyptian pyramids amazed the observer with their unprecedented grandeur and unsurpassed monumentality. About a thousand three hundred years ago, mankind learned to build more, higher, more massive and faster than the ancient Egyptians did. But still, for four thousand years, the leadership in the field of construction was retained by a long-disappeared people ...
Who, how and when built the Egyptian pyramids? Interest in the pyramids of Giza has not faded for five millennia in a row. Egyptologists know the answers to most of the questions.
How and from what the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids - we in many cases only assume, and among the hypotheses promoted there are many frank fiction. Let's try to understand the history of the Egyptian pyramids without prejudice, mysticism and feigned mystery.
How many pyramids are there in Egypt?
The question is far from idle, given the length of the pyramid construction period, the variety of materials used, architectural features - and, of course, preservation. According to various sources, the total number of Egyptian pyramids reaches 140, but many of them are difficult to identify.And if the pyramids of Giza are famous for their impressive size, perfect shape and good preservation, the pyramids of other ancient Egyptian tombs were less fortunate. Many of them - due to the fragility of the mud brick that was common at that time or the urgent need for building materials - fell apart in whole or in part, and more resemble hills than pyramids.
So, in 2013, the American archaeologist Angela Micol, examining high-resolution photographic maps, suggested that several hills in the territory of modern Egypt are nothing more than ancient pyramids, partly eroded under the influence of climatic factors, partly covered by sand and dust.
Inspired by a hint from across the ocean, Egyptian archaeologists embarked on an expedition to the indicated heights. Cautious statements appeared in the press regarding the fairness of the judgments of the American scientist, however, Angela Mikol's findings have not yet been included in the official register of Egyptian pyramids - as well as the remains of 17 other pyramids, similarly discovered by Sarah Parkak from the University of Birmingham, Alabama.
Mastaba - the humble tomb of the pharaoh
The tradition of building pyramids as pharaoh's tombs was not born suddenly. The burials of the pharaohs of the first dynasty (in total, there are more than 30 dynasties) were arranged in relatively small buildings, in appearance resembling a cut hill or a tetrahedral pyramid with a cut off top and a rectangular base.The imperfection of the then building technologies forced the Egyptians to create buildings with inclined edges of the outer walls. The intuitive assimilation of the artificial structure of a natural embankment made of stone ensured the stability of the erected structure no worse than that of the conical pile of various-sized debris at the foot of the mountain.
In Arab Egypt, the first tombs of the pharaohs received the name "mastaba", which means "stool" in Arabic.
In architectural appearance, the mastaba repeats a slightly grown-up ancient Egyptian residential building, and there is not a drop of holiness in a purely utilitarian building. So there is nothing surprising in the fact that every new ruler tried to build his mastaba higher than any buildings in the area, and most importantly, higher than the tomb of his predecessor. Megalomania is so characteristic of the leaders!
The logical result of the growth of the mastaba was a geometrically correct pyramid, but it was not immediately possible to achieve the desired shape.
Tomb of Djoser - the first Egyptian pyramid
The village of Sakkara is located thirty kilometers south of Cairo. Sakkara is the resting place of the pharaohs of the III-IV dynasty. Here is the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid - the pyramid of Djoser.Imhotep is a brave innovator
According to information collected by historians, Imhotep - main architector project - originally planned to build an ordinary mastaba. However, the idea of building a multi-tiered burial vault seemed to both the architect and the customer much more fruitful. Therefore, already in the process of construction, the project was changed. The threefold superstructure of the smaller mastaba over the larger one resulted in a forty-meter four-tier pyramid with a rectangular base.Realizing that raw clay brick (in the Russian tradition the material is known as "adobe") is not strong enough to create a high-rise structure, Imhotep ordered the use of limestone blocks for the construction of the burial vault.
Djoser's ingenious pyramid construction technology
for construction it was mined in a quarry nearby. The size and shape of the stone blocks were not strictly observed, however, they allowed laying masonry with bandaging: three longitudinally oriented blocks were replaced by two transverse ones, and so on. The mass of a single block did not exceed the "carrying capacity" of a strong porter.A thick clay composition was used as a binder solution, designed not so much to hold the blocks together as to fill the voids. The idea of such a building material could have been suggested to Imhotep by nature itself. Traveling around the surrounding world, the Egyptians probably came across, formed by mudflows and quickly turning into a dense and durable material.
The clay was dug in the Nile Valley, soaked and mixed with some sand (to prevent cracking during drying). The wall stone was laid with an inclination towards the inside of the building so that the line of the wall deviated from the vertical by 15˚. Thus, the walls of each tier of the tomb formed an angle of 75˚ with the conditional plane of the earthly solid.
The critical units of the internal structures of the Djoser pyramid were made of two-ton blocks delivered from afar by water, and coarsely hewn limestone. Cementing gypsum mortar, which was used by the Egyptians more often than lime mortar, held the elements together only in some places. In particular, the blue tiles in the cladding of the tomb's interior were kept on the walls thanks to gypsum binders.
Imhotep - the deified pioneer of perestroika
Having erected a four-tier pyramid, inspired by the success of Imhotep proposed not to stop construction and bring the number of tiers to six with a simultaneous increase total area pyramids. For the exterior cladding of the structure, it was supposed to use white limestone from the Tourskoye quarry on the east bank of the Nile.Pharaoh's consent was not long in coming. The uninterrupted continuation of the work allowed the outstanding architect of Ancient Egypt to increase the height of the pyramid to 62 meters. Having become six-tier in 2649 BC, the Djoser pyramid crowned a huge complex of ritual buildings and for a long time became a record building in Egypt and the entire world of that time.
It is estimated that 850 thousand tons of limestone were spent on the construction of the Djoser pyramid. According to the unanimous opinion of the builders of our time, there are no technological riddles in the construction of the first Egyptian pyramid. However, Imhotep's contemporaries treated the outstanding architect with much greater reverence. After the death of the architect, engineer and scientist Imhotep was deified, and the Egyptian pyramids, according to the covenant of the founder, were built stepwise for a long time.
Pyramids in Giza - the focus of secrets and mysteries
There are quite a lot of stepped and multi-tiered pyramids and pyramids built according to the precepts of the great Imhotep in Egypt. But the Egyptian pyramids of only the correct tetrahedral shape are ranked among the wonders of the world, and not all, but only those that stand in Giza.The pyramids of Cheops, Khephren and Mikerin are the pinnacle of the building art of Ancient Egypt. The research carried out did not give a clear and reliable picture of the stages and methods of construction. Of the historical documents, the description of Herodotus is considered the most detailed - however, it must be remembered that Herodotus made his notes 2000 years after the construction of the pyramid of Cheops ...
Hemiun - the hero of the pyramid-building labor
The task assigned to Hemiun, a relative of the pharaoh and, concurrently, the chief administrator of the state, was difficult. On a rocky square base, it was necessary to build a pyramid of the correct geometric shape and reference aesthetic merits. The structure, of course, had to be higher than the pyramids of the previous pharaohs and, preferably, remain unsurpassed in the future. 
Perhaps the task was posed somehow differently - but that doesn't matter. Hemiun managed to create a pyramid that contained millions of tons of natural stone, which rose almost to heaven (147 meters in height), hid several secret rooms, amazed (and amazes) the observer with the perfection of forms and the greatness of the idea.
Secret first plus secret main
How the construction was carried out is not described anywhere. Not a single papyrus was found in which not only the construction technology of Chemiun was revealed, but even the pyramid of Cheops was simply mentioned!This is the first riddle of the main Egyptian pyramid. However, there may be several answers:
- a) researchers were simply not lucky to find required document;
- b) there was a ban on documenting and disclosing the methods of building the pyramid;
- c) project documentation was not drawn up, construction logging was not carried out - as unnecessary.
How the greatest Egyptian pyramid was built
Most of the Cheops pyramid is composed of blocks of yellow-gray limestone, a material that is relatively loose, but strong enough. Since the blocks were cut out of different sizes, it would be logical to arrange the stone when preparing materials at the construction site so that the largest and heaviest of them at the bottom were spent on the construction of the lower tiers of the masonry, and the less massive stones were intended for the upper tiers. 
The Egyptian builders did just that. The limestone blocks of the pyramid are smaller the closer they lie to the top. Which, by the way, refutes the fashionable theory of the construction of a building from concrete blocks.
Is the concrete idea false?
It is really easier to transport buckets of thick solution to the upper floors of the construction site, but why change the formwork standard from tier to tier? Artificial building stone, as a rule, has standardized dimensions, while the blocks of the Cheops pyramid are far from standard.The time factor is also important. The hardening of the concrete requires a prolonged rest of the part to be cast. Initial seizure is not the same as full strength gain. On a freshly cast and already hardened stone, you cannot immediately pile up a multi-ton load like this. It is possible to accelerate the hardening of the casting with organic additives - at least with egg white - but then the shell mountain will exceed the size of the pyramid. Is such a monument good for Pharaoh?
The production of a binder for concrete production requires high-temperature dehydration of the feedstock - in the case of Ancient Egypt. The country's resources made it possible to produce a certain amount of gypsum solution painlessly, but not the millions of cubic meters required for a complete transition to an artificial building stone! There was simply not so much firewood in the state!
Concrete is not only a binder solution, it is also a mineral filler of several fractions. Modern concretes are created from cement mortar, sand and crushed granite. The blocks of the Egyptian pyramids are entirely limestone. You can, of course, imagine how thousands of slaves crush natural limestone for years to get crumbs, thousands more carry stretchers with limestone crumbs to the construction site, still others carry water in wineskins, and still others trample wet concrete - for without compaction it will turn out fragile.
But isn't it easier to carve ready-made blocks out of stone? Moreover, all qualified mineralogists are unanimous in their assessment of the basic material of the Cheops pyramid and consider it natural limestone.
However, individual elements of the pyramid structure could indeed have been made of artificial stone. But only not the most responsible and loaded with astronomical masses of overlying materials.
Granite mystery of the Cheops pyramid
Adepts of secret knowledge interpret the impossibility of manufacturing, processing and delivering granite construction parts without the use of tools made of steel and abrasives of hardness level.Meanwhile, granite columns, obelisks and other "megaliths" in Ancient Egypt were produced without much difficulty. Our French contemporaries have reproduced all stages of the extraction and processing of granite, and are quite satisfied with the experience gained.
The following method was used to break off a large workpiece from a natural massif.
- 1. A low hearth was built along the contour of the proposed workpiece made of clay bricks.
- 2. Firewood was loaded into the hearth, a fire was made. Hot coals heated the underlying granite to a shallow depth.
- 3. Water poured onto the heated granite. The stone cracked.
- 4. After removing bricks, ash and exfoliated rock, the heating zone was subjected to shock treatment with dolerite (dolerite - a variety) hammers. As a result, a groove 10-15 cm deep was formed in the monolithic granite massif.
- 5. To deepen the contour groove, the operation was repeated.
The handmade technique with a rounded dolerite hammer assumes the performer's endurance and perseverance. Hourly (not even too dexterous) beating with dolerite on granite allows you to remove a layer 6 - 8 mm thick over an area of several square decimeters.
The dolerite nodule, split in half, served as the main tool for grinding granite. The abundance of dolerite in the eastern regions of Egypt allowed ancient craftsmen to use this hard stone in unlimited quantities.
Lifting weights without a crane
Herodotus writes that the lifting of the stone upward was carried out by simple wooden devices such as a well crane. The carrying capacity of such devices is sufficient for two-ton loads (the average volume of the limestone block of the Cheops pyramid is 850 - 1000 liters, the density of limestone is 2000 kg per cubic meter). But how were the much more massive structural elements installed? In particular, the pyramidion, the monolithic pommel of the pyramid weighing 15 tons?Modern inventors talk about the possibility of cladding a stone product with three-dimensional wooden structures that bring the shape of the packed part closer to the cylinder. Such a container really facilitates transportation, but requires a solid road.
Inclined ramp or spiral road?
How is a waste rock heap constructed? First, props are installed, an inclined rail track is mounted on them. Wagons with bulk mass are driven onto rails and unloaded to the side. As the dump grows, the road lengthens. Ultimately, an artificial mountain is formed with steep slopes and a long, gentle embankment with rails from a flat bottom to the very top. 
Approximately so, the researchers believe, were built and access roads to the Egyptian pyramids. A build-up ramp (7˚-8˚) made of bulk materials, compacted and reinforced with imported timber, could really help deliver massive stone blocks to their place of installation.
However, the volume of earthworks in this case turns out to be comparable to the volume of the entire construction, and the pace of work is limited by the frequency of reconstruction of the transport route. An embankment spiral road, laid around the pyramid, makes it impossible to check the geometry of the edges and edges of the entire structure.
It is another matter, suggested by the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, if the spiral road is laid in the body of the pyramid along its outer edges. You can walk along such a road as if on a gentle staircase, dragging limestone blocks up along the way. True, this path is replete with right-angle turns. But if in the places of turns we make open areas with the simplest forklifts, the difficulties will disappear.
Houden's hypothesis is flawed in many ways. Nevertheless, turntables in the corners of the structure were found, and some inclined passages along the perimeter of the pyramid were also found. However, the Egyptian authorities have not yet given permission for a large-scale apparatus study of the historical structure.
Final reconstruction of the process
The generalized reconstructed picture of the construction of the Cheops pyramid looks like this:- - the most massive parts of the base of the pyramid and the interior of the burial vault were delivered to the installation site along ground roads and a low bulk ramp;
- - the blocks that make up the body of the pyramid climbed the spiral scaffolding attached outside;
- - white limestone top - pyramidion - was installed immediately after the completion of the laying;
- - facing blocks of white limestone, in cross-section representing a right-angled triangle, were laid from top to bottom, flush with the faces of the pyramidion.
And although certain details of the construction are not fully clarified, the overall picture is quite clear and plausible. However, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids were not only in the design and construction of cyclopean structures.
"Undisclosed" secrets of the Egyptian pyramids
The exploration of the Cheops pyramid, undertaken by the treasure-hungry mankind over the past two thousand years, proved to be very traumatic for the historical structure. Partly because of this, and partly because of the high tourist potential, it is very difficult to obtain permission for scientific research in Giza.As a result, to date, scientists do not have a complete plan of the cavities and rooms of the Cheops pyramid, which is why assumptions about the purpose of rooms, corridors and canals are based on insufficient information.
This situation gives food for idle speculation about the presence of secret treasures under the Egyptian pyramids and the Sphinx. The yellow press with might and main exaggerates the idea of the secrecy of specimens of ancient knowledge, stored either under the paws of the Sphinx, or under burial chamber Khufu, then even deeper.
However, historians and archaeologists do not expect any special revelations from hypothetical treasuries. Yes, if uncovered storage facilities in the past are found, the world's museum collections will be considerably replenished with works of ancient Egyptian art - but one should not expect advanced technologies among the surviving artifacts. Alas…
Is the pyramid a working device?
The thought that each individual pyramid, and especially the largest and most beautiful pyramid of Cheops, is not just a monument and a tomb, but a certain instrument of interaction with secret forces, has been tormenting humanity for four and a half thousand years.The echoes of the excitement that arose in the perestroika years and concerning the miraculous properties of pyramidal structures are still alive. Allegedly, the blades in them self-sharpen, bacteria self-destruct, water self-sanctifies - and in large pyramids, plus time slows down, organisms grow younger and fools grow wiser.
The experiments are still going on, but the statistics of the results are disappointing. Nothing special happens either in the pyramids of ancient Egyptian work, or in their modern counterparts.
“In addition, - the esotericists argue, - that contact is made with the higher mind!”
The influence of the Egyptian pyramids on the mind
Initiates write: whoever lies down in the sarcophagus of the Cheops pyramid and concentrates, voices are heard, colorful pictures are visible, the complexity of the universe is clear - and the future is still opening. So Napolen, as he spent the night in the sarcophagus, came out pale, was silent about what he had experienced, and only in exile on the island of St. Helena hinted that he had seen his own fall ...True, psychiatrists, having learned about the voices and visions, begin to treadmill nervously and iron bags of medicine. Psychologists, on the other hand, talk about the similarity of individual reactions to darkness, silence and complete solitude. To save money, they say, instead of a sarcophagus, you can lie down in a wooden box with a lid, and instead of an Egyptian pyramid you can use any dungeon - even a shallow pit.
The sum of the sensations and thoughts arising in the subjects is typical. In such solitude, every person thinks about the transience of life, the futility of all that exists and the inevitability of the end. The pyramids have nothing to do with it!
Astronomical factor
The Belgian Robert Bauvel, who was born and lived for a long time in Egyptian Alexandria, was not the first person to notice the similarity of the location of the pyramids at Giza and the stars in Orion's Belt. However, he was the first to speak out about the similarity loudly and publicly.The check showed that the coincidence of directions and proportions is very conditional. Defending his point of view, Bauval suggested that the position of the pyramids corresponds to the picture of the starry sky during the third dynasty of the pharaohs.
The development of computer technology has made it possible to restore the position of the stars in the past. The simulated picture of the starry sky in 2500 BC turned out to be close to the location of the pyramids in Giza, but only approximately ...
Further research led astronomers to the conclusion: the relative position of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaura (Cheops, Khafren and Mikerin) fully corresponds to the location of Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintak (stars of the "Belt of Orion" asterism) in 10500 BC.
Leisurely thinkers immediately came to the conclusion that the initial marking of the construction site was completed in 10500, and the construction itself was decided to be postponed for 8 thousand years.
Moreover! At the beginning of the beginnings, namely 14 thousand years before the birth of Christ, on the site of the future Giza and all its tombs there was a pyramid - all the pyramids are a pyramid the size of real mountain! True, the ancestor of the pyramids was monolithic and cracked during the earthquake. It was decided to demolish the giant, and in its place, after cleaning up the debris, build a new pyramid complex.
Who and why made such unexpected decisions, thinkers do not say.
Numerological heresy of the Cheops pyramid
Heading to Egypt, Napoleon, as you know, included more than one and a half hundred scientists in the detachment. Bored during the transitions, inquisitive scientists pounced on the Egyptian pyramids like a hungry dog on the bone. All available space was measured and measured, including each of the pyramids and the Sphinx.The data obtained have become the subject of scholarly discussions that continue to this day. For two hundred years of speculation, especially advanced experts have established a relationship between the linear parameters of the Cheops pyramid and:
- - the size of the Earth and the Solar system;
- - the number "pi";
- - past and future events;
- - physical constants that determine the balance of interaction of forces in the Universe.
Hey, psychiatrists! ..
So, there are no secrets in the Egyptian pyramids?
There are still many mysteries in Egyptology. However, the Egyptian pyramids have been studied very thoroughly, although not completely. There are a number of ambiguities in the unhurried existence of the pyramids that are visible to specialists. For example, did the visible deflection of the faces of the Cheops pyramid arise as a result of an unforeseen deformation of materials or as a result of an architectural calculation?So far, there is no unambiguous picture of the complex of technologies used almost 5,000 years ago. It is not clear why the Cheops pyramid, the most monumental of all the monuments of Ancient Egypt, is devoid of wall inscriptions and images. There is no confidence in the understanding of the purpose of the discovered objects, rooms, buildings ...
It is important, however, that only those studies of the Egyptian pyramids that are carried out within the framework of materialistic theory become fruitful. The search for the extraordinary forces that took part in the creation of the Egyptian pyramids is fantastically fun - and nothing more.
