Krasny Yar (Astrakhan region). Krasny Yar village By the end of the 19th century

To date, the village of Krasny Yar is spread over almost 2,500 square kilometers in Samara region. It includes 10 volosts in its composition, and the distance to railway from the village of Krasny Yar - 13 km.

The history of the village of Krasny Yar began in 1732, when, after the decree of Empress Anna Ivanovna, the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fortress on the right bank of the Sok River began, the remains of which are still located in the center of this village. I must say that this fortress at that time was a very important object of Tsarist Russia, since the mined reserves of sulfur were transported across the Sok River, which was very necessary for the manufacture of ammunition, since Russia then participated in the Northern War against Sweden. In addition, near this fortress, good agricultural and livestock prospects opened up for a good existence in peacetime.

In the 19th century, the level of trade increased significantly, due to the increased demand for agricultural products, which were mined in the village of Krasny Yar. This attracted even more residents there and strengthened the position of the settlement. And in 1861 the first school was opened in Krasny Yar.
At the beginning of the 20th century, post and telegraph offices were opened. Gradually, the settlement turned into a large shopping center. Throughout the 20th century, the number of industrial and cultural facilities has grown.

And today Krasny Yar is one of the significant administrative centers of the Samara region, on the territory of which the remains of the Krasnoyarsk fortress, a monument of federal significance to the Russian Federation, are located.

KRASNY YAR(Krasnojar, Krasnoyar, Krasnoyarovka, German Krasnoyar, Walter, Krasny Kolonok, Tsezarovka), now with. Krasny Yar, Engels District Saratov region, a German colony on the Left Bank of the Volga, at the place where the Berezovka River flows into the Volga (the German name for the river is Pakh, from "Bach" - a stream). It was located 410 versts from the city of Samara, 30 versts from Saratov, 180 versts from Novouzensk, along the trade route from Nikolaevsk to Saratov. From 1871 until October 1918 it was a volost village of the Krasnoyarsk volost of the Novouzensky district of the Samara province. After the formation of the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans, the village of Krasny Yar was the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk village council of the Marxstadt canton. From 1922, after the formation of the Krasnoyarsk canton and until 1927, it was the cantonal center of the Volga German Republic (as of January 1, 1922, 32 settlements with a population of 19.8 thousand people, in 1926 - 36 settlements with a population of 22,099 people, of which Germans - 21,902 people, Russians - 63, Ukrainians - 3, other nationalities - 131 people). In 1926, the Krasnoyarsk village council included s. Krasny Yar, high. Mechetka-1 and Mechetka-2. At the end of 1927, in the course of the administrative-territorial reform, the canton was liquidated, and the village of Krasny Yar was transferred to the Marksshadt canton. In 1935 the Krasnoyarsk canton was restored.

The colony was established on July 20, 1767 as a crown colony. According to one version, the name was given taking into account the peculiarities of the picturesque hilly and ravine terrain. In Russian, tracts on the banks of rivers, a steep elevated bank, were called yar, and the adjective "red" meant beautiful. According to another version, the Russian name Krasny Yar has a German etymology: allegedly, the first colonists, surprised by the abundance of meadow grass in the fields, gave the colony the name "Grasjahr" - grass year (from the German words "Gras" - grass and "Jahr" - year). According to the decree of February 26, 1768 on the names of the German colonies, the name Krasny Yar was retained for the settlement. The remaining names were given to the colony in honor of the colonist commissar Caesar - "Caesarovka" and in honor of the first forsteger - "Walter", but were rarely used.

The first foresteger, Christoph Walter, a 37-year-old farmer, arrived at the colony from Darmstadt (Ridesel) with his wife Anna Maria and two daughters. Until 1804 Kraum was the fore-steer of the colony. The founders of Krasny Yar were 353 colonists (112 families), who came mainly from Darmstadt, Electoral Hall, Isenburg, Franconia and other German lands. Of the 112 families, most were Lutherans. 16 families professed Reformation.

Each householder received from the Guardianship Office in Saratov 25 rubles, two horses, one cow, four wheels, a shaft, an arc, 11 fathoms of rope, two bridles and five fathoms of hemp rope for reins. Poor conditions for keeping livestock and the inability of the colonists to handle it in the first years of the settlement led to a massive loss of livestock. In Krasny Yar in 1766, half of all the cattle allocated to the colonists perished.

Among the first 74 households there were four shop artisans, a shoemaker, a hosiery weaver, as well as representatives of such rare professions as a chintz printmaker and a glazier. The rest of the first settlers were farmers and, by the nature of their occupations in their former homeland, fully corresponded to the main goal of attracting colonists - their development of the agricultural zone in the desert steppe outskirts of Russia.

According to the revision of 1834, the colonists were endowed with land at 15 acres per capita. For several years the litigation between the colonists and the state peasants of Pokrovskaya Sloboda, who seized the lands of the colonists, continued. According to the 10th revision of 1857, 1,500 male colonists owned land in the amount of about 5.7 acres per capita. The colonists were mainly engaged in arable farming and flour-grinding production. The first mill was built in the colony as early as the 1770s. The colonists grew wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, specialized in the cultivation of the most promising at that time wheat variety "Beloturka". To a much lesser extent than agriculture, the inhabitants of Krasny Yar were engaged in crafts and crafts. An important place in the agriculture of the colonists was occupied by the cultivation of tobacco.

According to the Samara Provincial Statistical Committee, in 1910 there were 1081 households in the village, there was a volost government, a post office, a judicial-investigative institution, and a pharmacy. Health care was at a fairly high level, in Krasny Yar not only there was a zemstvo emergency room, two doctors, three paramedics worked, but an eye clinic was also opened. A brick factory was built in the village, a Shardt steam mill built in 1907, as well as a water mill and 10 windmills operated. By 1910, a library appeared in the village.

During the years of Soviet power, a cultural center was opened in Krasny Yar, a printing house worked, and there was a telephone exchange. In the 1930s the Frische Kraft and Rotfront collective farms were created, a machine and tractor station was organized, and tobacco cultivation was revived. In September 1941 the Germans were deported from the village.

School and education of children. The church school, which appeared in the village from the moment of its foundation, taught children aged 7 to 15 years. Before the construction of the first church in 1815, divine services and school classes were held in the school-prayer house. By the middle of the 19th century, a school was opened in the colony, and in the 1870s, a zemstvo school. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were two zemstvo schools in the village, where the Russian language was studied.

In 1900, the inspector of public schools turned to I. Erbes, the governor of the meadow side of the Volga, who, pointing out that in Krasny Yar there was only one teacher of the Russian language for 600 children, recommended to increase the appropriations for teaching the Russian language and to introduce the position of the second teacher in the school. Russian language teacher. According to statistical information about the state of schools in the German colonies, collected by the Provost of the Left Bank I. Erbes, in 1906, out of 7,502 inhabitants of the village, about 1,000 were children aged 7 to 15 years old, who were obliged to receive primary education. School attendance by children of school age was not one hundred percent, 85 children could not study because of the poverty of their parents or daily employment in trades and crafts. In 1906, 120 boys and 23 girls studied in the first zemstvo school of the village and two teachers worked, 191 boys and 112 girls attended the second zemstvo school, five teachers worked here. The church school had 112 boys and 325 girls and two teachers. All three schools were supported by the church community. During the years of Soviet power, both schools were merged and redeveloped into primary school. In 1923, a vocational school was opened in Krasny Yar, and in 1924, a school for peasant youth. As of 1937, 143 villagers were illiterate, courses for the elimination of illiteracy were created for them.

Religion of the inhabitants and the church. The colonists belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran confession. Since 1767, the Krasny Yar community was part of the Rosengeim (Podstepnoye) parish. The Rosenheim (Podstepnoye) parish was founded in 1767. It included the colonies of Rosenheim, Swede (Zvonarevka), Stahl (Zvonarev Kut), Enders (Ust-Karaman), Krasny Yar, Fischer (Telyauze), Schulz (Meadow Gryaznukha), Reinwald (Staritskoye). In 1820, Reinwald and Schultz became part of the Reinhardt (Osinovka) parish, and the Fischer community was annexed to the South Ekaterinenstadt parish. Since 1880, the village of Krasny Yar formed an independent parish, the creation of which was approved by decree of November 20, 1880. The parish included one church community, Krasny Yar.

In the first years after the creation of the settlement, the colonists of Krasny Yar held services in the prayer house, which had the status of a branch. The exact date of its construction is not known. It was erected at public expense in the first one or two years after the settlement of the colonists. The colonists had to pay the money spent to the state over the next ten years.

The wooden church was built in Krasny Yar in 1815. It had the status of a branch church and was consecrated as the Church of the Holy Trinity. Over time, the old church became small and could not accommodate all the parishioners, who by the middle of the 19th century numbered about 5.2 thousand people. The project of a new Krasnoyarsk church was approved by the state authorities in 1857. The foundation stone of the church was laid in 1859. By 1861, a new wooden church was built on the site of the old small church, it had benches for 1500 worshipers. The church was consecrated on July 9, 1861.

In the external appearance of the building, imitation of the architecture of classicism was felt. The splendor of the church was given by a vestibule in the form of a portico with a triangular pediment in the center of the main facade, in front of which there were brick gates crowned with three turrets. The four massive columns of the portico were arranged symmetrically and crowned with fairly modest Doric capitals. Behind the columns in the center was the entrance and a window above it. The four-stage, tapering tower had three semicircular windows and was crowned with a dome with a three-meter cross. On the side facades of the building there were also columns crowned with massive triangular pediments, behind the columns there were side entrances to the church. The temple had spacious balconies on the second floor and magnificent interior decoration. Near the church there was a wooden pastorate with an outbuilding built in 1883.

Pages of the history of the church community and the parish. By 1880, the village of Krasny Yar had over four thousand people. The Lutheran community of the parish needed its own pastor, and therefore the parishioners decided to petition for the creation of a separate parish, the foundation of which was approved in 1880. The first pastor of the parish was Karl Wilhelm Theodor Blum (1841-1906), who served until 1881 in the Fresental parish. In 1901-1905. Karl Blum was the Provost of the meadow side of the Volga. The last pastor of the parish, Wilhelm Friedrich Feldbach (1884-1970), was ordained in the church of Krasny Yar on December 26, 1919, and until 1924 served simultaneously in the parishes of Krasny Yar and Yagodnaya Polyana. In 1924-1928. he was a pastor in the Lutheran community in Baku, and in 1928 he emigrated to Germany.

In 1929, when a campaign began in the country to remove the bells and melt them down “for a tractor column”, the bells from the church in Krasny Yar were removed and handed over to the Vozrozhdenie plant, which produced the first Soviet tractor, the Karlik. In 1931, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Volga German ASSR received secret information from the regional Commission for the Consideration of Religious Issues, according to which the church had not yet been closed in the village at that time, there were 2,351 believers in the church community, of which 33 were classified as dispossessed.

The commission on questions of cults under the Central Executive Committee of the Volga Germans of the ASSR petitioned for the closure of the church on January 15, 1934. Of the 1,373 members of the community who had the right to vote, 1,003 voted in favor of closing the church. The commission on issues of cults decided to “offer the collective of believers for a prayer house from kulak houses,” and use the church for the cultural needs of the village. The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee decided to close the church on February 9, 1934. The cross was removed from the church, and a club was equipped in its building. After the Great Patriotic War, a cinema operated in the former church, which no longer had a bell tower. The church was destroyed in the late 1980s.

List of pastors. Pastors of the Rosenheim (Podstepnoye) parish who served in the Krasny Yar community. 1767-1785 - Ludwig Helm. 1786-1788 - Lawrence Albaum (Laurentius Ahlbaum). 1788-1791 - Klaus Peter Lundberg 1792-1815 - Christian Friedrich Jäger. 1816-1820 - Franz Holz. 1820-1831 - Johan Heinrich Buck. 1831-1866 - Alexander Karl August Allendorf (Alexander Karl August Allendorf). 1867-1879. - Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. Pastors of the Krasny Yar Parish. 1881-1905 - Karl Blum. 1905-1914 - Johannes Stenzel. 1914-1916 - Albert Arthur Schön. 1916-1919 - Wilhelm Feldbach.

Population. In 1767, 363 foreign colonists lived in Krasny Yar, in 1773 there were 460, in 1788 - 537, in 1798 - 684, in 1816 - 1036, in 1834 - 1792, in 1850 city - 2552, in 1859 - 3131, in 1883 - 4343, in 1889 - 4484 people. In 1878, 156 people emigrated to America. According to the General Census Russian Empire In 1897, 4,721 people lived in Krasny Yar, of which 4,622 were Germans. As of 1905, there were 7514 people in the village, in 1910 - 7345 people. In 1909, about 400 people left the village for Siberia and the Steppe region. The parish of Krasny Yar in 1906 had 7,671 parishioners. According to the All-Russian census of 1920, 6569 people lived in Krasny Yar, all of them were Germans. In 1921, 296 people were born in the village, and 896 people died, only in March 1921, 50 people died in the village. According to the Regional Statistical Administration of the Autonomous Region of the Volga Germans, as of January 1, 1922, 4724 people lived in Krasny Yar, in 1923 - 4008 people. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 1926, the village consisted of 847 households (of which 834 were German) with a population of 4,546 people (of which 2,177 were men and 2,369 were women), including 4,464 Germans (of which 2,128 were men and 2,336 were women). In 1931, 5145 people lived in Krasny Yar, of which 5129 were Germans, in 1939 - 4631 people.

Village today. Now with. Krasny Yar, Engels district, Saratov region. When you visit Krasny Yar, you are still amazed by its impressive size; it is no coincidence that the village was the cantonal center. Before the revolution, Krasny Yar was even larger: according to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, 3118 people lived in the village, which is more than two times less than the number of village residents in 1910. In 1974, a new standard modern school was built in the village . As of 2010, in the secondary school with. Krasny Yar had 326 students and 29 teachers.

In Krasny Yar, the old German layout and quite a lot of old buildings, brick and wooden German houses, both private and public buildings, have been preserved - a pharmacy, a bakery, a mill. Most of the old German houses have been preserved on Yu. Gagarin Street. Against modern building The House of Culture, like a hundred years ago, is a pharmacy. Former House culture, where the department of internal affairs is located today, was built during the existence of the Republic of the Volga Germans. On the site of the modern police building there was a rural square where local residents gathered on holidays.

Every year there are less and less objects of German architecture in Krasny Yar. The building of the Lutheran church in the village has not been preserved. Until 2008, residents of Krasny Yar, who were not indifferent to the history of Russian Germans, proudly showed visitors the buildings of the former eye clinic, previously known far beyond the village. The wooden building had not been used for a long time, but the huge two-story building, connected to the brick one-story building by an arch, still reminded of the German colonists and attracted lovers of German architecture to the village. In 2009, the hospital building was completely destroyed. Today, only a pile of bricks and debris has survived from it, next to which is a one-story brick building of the former eye hospital.

The pride of the village is the old building of a four-storey German mill, which produced flour for several nearby villages before the revolution. It was built in 1907 and was named Shardt mill after its owner. The date of construction of the building is laid out under the roof on the side facade, and the letters with the owner's name, which were also located there, have not been preserved. The mill building is still in use today. After the deportation of the German population, mixed fodder was produced here and grain was ground for livestock. By the end of the twentieth century, the building was in a deplorable state. In 1999, private entrepreneur S. Shuvakin and his partner from Germany bought and renovated the building, restored the stairs, brought in new Italian equipment, and installed a lifting elevator. Today, the mill has a threshing shop, a scattering shop, a pasta shop and a bakery. The mill grinds up to 30 tons of grain per day, 50 people work at the enterprise.

Vyushkov Nikita.

This paper reflects the main milestones in the history of the emergence and development of this settlement. S Krasny Yar is an old settlement that arose more than 200 years ago.

This work fully reflects the dynamics of development from the moment the village appeared to the present day.

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Prosper, my native land!

We live with you one destiny!

My village, I love you!

Thank you for everything!

Krasny Yar is a village in the south of the Astrakhan region. Administrative center and largest locality Krasnoyarsk region. It is located on the left bank of the Buzan channel of the Volga delta.

Krasny Yar was founded in 1667 on a high cape on the left bank of the Buzan at the confluence of the Akhtuba River, and was founded for approximately the same purpose as Cherny Yar. The main role of Krasny Yar was to ensure that “the inhabitants of it behind the predatory enterprises of the Don Cossacks, who went from the Volga to Buzan, and from there passed into the Caspian Sea ... diligently watched so that they would not be allowed to go to sea.” The founding of the town is directly related to the turbulent events that then captured the entire Lower Volga region in their cycle.

Information about Krasny Yar in the 17th - early 18th centuries. little has been preserved, since, remaining aloof from the main Volga route, it did not attract the attention of travelers. Some information about him is given only by I. Kirilov and S.-G. Gmelin. They report that the city was located on an island, which was washed on the southern and western sides by one of the main channels of the Volga, the Buzan, which connected here with the Akhtuba and, through the narrow crooked Ogorodny stream, with the channel of the Malaya Algar. The island rose quite high above the water and was called Lighthouse Hill. S.-G. Gmelin reports that it was "as long as it is wide, and both diameters are two versts." Information about the emergence of a settlement on Mayachny Hill refers to the middle of the 17th century. I. Savvinsky reports that the first inhabitants appeared there “in the third year of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich”; in 1667 a wooden fortress was built on the island, in which 500 people settled.

Numerous fires and the redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, left nothing of the fortifications.

Krasny Yar was built on one of the largest Golden Horde settlements. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk settlement is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saray. locals still find samples of the Golden Horde household and architectural ceramics. Some of the finds can be viewed in a small local history museum. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders of the Vladimir Cathedral, which has not come down to us, used the decorative material of the Golden Horde city. When dismantling the cathedral, residents found many colored tiles that decorated the cathedral, very similar to the Golden Horde samples, which are now stored in the local museum.

Our country is beautiful

Where we live

Our Red Yar is a curiosity

And this is a poem about him

My native village

You have come a long way

Fields and rivers expanse

Doesn't want to rest

All peoples united

Live in the labor of the century

Years go by

And Krasny Yar - always!

The nature of Krasny Yar is unique, it causes delight and admiration, its inhabitants are hardworking, hospitable and sympathetic, and their national traditions have centuries-old roots. The population of the village is 10.9 thousand inhabitants (2002). More than 60 institutions and enterprises, 4389 households, 401 entrepreneurs operate in Krasny Yar. There are educational institutions, the central district hospital, 6 libraries, MDOU Kindergarten"Skazka" and others. The main sectors of the economy are small and medium-sized businesses, housing and communal services, construction, private household plots and KFK. There are conditions for the development of pond fish farming. The territory of the settlement is a promising housing development zone for apartment buildings and cottage-type houses. The appearance of the village is decorated with parks, squares, which are a favorite vacation spot for Krasnoyarsk residents. The consumer market in the village is represented by a wide range of services and goods offered. 401 entrepreneurs are registered on the territory of the settlement, more than 100 shops operate.

We are lucky we live in unique place, in good climatic conditions. Our village has interesting story originating in the 16th century. We can be proud of this, we have something to protect, protect, increase. Guests who come to our village from different corners Russia, they envy us. We carefully treat the cultural traditions and customs of all peoples living compactly on the territory of our municipality. We love our little home!

Rooted back centuries

My native village...

It's beautiful at sunrise

When it just dawned,

Unique at sunset

In the purple reflections of the dawn;

It will never lose

Splendor and beauty…

Astrakhan region.

In ancient times, trade routes of the Persians and Arabs passed through the territory of the modern Astrakhan region. In the VIII-X centuries, the territories were part of the Khazar Khaganate. There are suggestions that the capital of the Khazar Khaganate, Itil, was located on the territory of the modern Astrakhan region, destroyed by Prince Svyatoslav in 965. Later, the Polovtsians settled here, who were replaced by the Mongol-Tatars in the first half of the 13th century.

In 1558, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state. The Astrakhan region is the southeastern military outpost of the Russian state. In particular, in 1569 the Turks unsuccessfully besieged the Astrakhan fortress. In 1597, the construction of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery for Men, begun in 1578, was completed in Astrakhan.

In the 17th century, trade, fish and salt industries were developing in the Astrakhan region. In the middle of the century, an uprising by Stepan Razin took place on the territory of the Astrakhan region.

In 1705-06, local residents rebelled against the policy of Peter I. In 1722, a shipyard was built near the mouth of the Kutum River, which was called the Astrakhan Admiralty. In 1730-1740, the processing of silk and cotton began in the Astrakhan province.

By decree of November 15, 1802, the Astrakhan province was divided into Astrakhan and Caucasian. However, the separation of the Astrakhan province from the Caucasus was completed only on January 6, 1832, when the corresponding decree was signed.

IN Soviet time the territory of the modern Astrakhan region was included in the Astrakhan province, the Lower Volga region, the Lower Volga region, the Stalingrad region and the Stalingrad region until December 27, 1943, when the Astrakhan region was created by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (it included part of the districts of the abolished Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhan district of the Stalingrad region)

The beginning of the 18th century was marked for Astrakhan, as well as for the whole of Russia, by the bold transformations of the reformer tsar Peter I. the formation of an independent Astrakhan province: "... Astrakhan province to be special, and to Astrakhan, the cities of Simbirsk, Samara, Syzran, Kashkar, Saratov, Petrovsky, Dmitrovskoy, Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar, Krasny Yar, Guryev, Terek to paint ...". The highest position was assigned to the governor as "the first guardian of the inviolable rights of the supreme power."

In 1719, the first governor appointed by the tsar, Artemy Petrovich Volynsky, arrived in Astrakhan. In the instructions received from Peter I, Volynsky was ordered to build fortresses, shops and barns near the sea, "to make courts hastily, direct, sea ...". He was entrusted with the construction of a naval port, the Admiralty, and the creation of the Caspian flotilla. The tsar was preparing for the Persian campaign and for this purpose in June 1722 he visited the sultry Astrakhan.

The task set by Peter, "so that no other power, which was not, established itself in the Caspian Sea", was completed: the Caspian flotilla, created in 1722, brilliantly showed itself in the Persian campaign.

The annexation of the northwestern provinces of Persia - Gilan, Mazandaran, Astrabad gave a new impetus not only to Astrakhan trade, but also to the economic development of the region as a whole. In the 40s of the 18th century, the number of small producers grew in Astrakhan, silk and cloth manufactories operated, and the supply of Astrakhan goods to the domestic market of the country increased significantly. Improvement of roads has begun. The main route connecting Astrakhan with the capital, the Moscow tract, developed. In the 40s of the 18th century, the Enotaevskaya fortress arose on it. At the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries, Astrakhan turned out to be the official center of the vast territory of the Caucasian governorship, where the Astrakhan province entered under the name of the region. At the head of this powerful administrative entity were governors-general, who led the Caspian flotilla and military units. Representing the strategic interests of Russia in the Caspian, Astrakhan was built and strengthened: there were hundreds of warships, thousands of sailors and ship workers. In 1792, Governor-General I.V. Gudovich ordered to transfer all the "loopholes" and dye-houses outside the city in order to clean and improve the center.

The 19th century - the era of wars, scientific and technological achievements and the economic prosperity of Russia - became for Astrakhan a century of new economic, political and cultural formation. In the second half of the 19th century, Astrakhan played an important role in the transportation of oil and oil products. In 1879, the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Association was formed.

The natural wealth of the region - salt, fish - brought considerable income to the Russian merchants. The Astrakhan province provided over 1/3 of all fish products and 1/3 of the salt supplied to the country's markets. Therapeutic mud of Lake Tinak attracted the attention of the provincial authorities, who contributed to the creation of a well-known clinic.

Various holidays are held on the territory of the Astrakhan region. So, the day of the archaeologist in the Astrakhan region takes place near the village of Selitrennoye. However, Archaeologist's Day 2011 was celebrated in two places at once: near the village of Selitrennoye and in Sarai-Batu - the scenery for the film "Horde". On the site near the village of Selitrennoye a colorful holiday program, with the participation of singers, ensembles of folk and modern dance, as well as demonstration fights of the historical reconstruction club "As-Tarkhan".

In addition, attractions, souvenir shops and cafes worked for the guests of the event in 2011. national cuisine. The scenery of the ancient Golden Horde city of Sarai-Batu held an equally memorable program: camel and hang-gliding rides, an oriental bazaar and a tasting of national dishes in the “Visiting Khan” cafe took place here.

Those who wished could also attend an excursion to the excavations "Selitrennoe settlement". The archeologist's day evening 2011 ended with bright fireworks and incendiary dances.

Another important event, which is already of an international character, is the summit of the heads of three states - Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia - in Astrakhan. Of course, high-ranking officials from different countries, including the Presidents of Russia and Turkmenistan, but it was this meeting that showed that the Astrakhan region is indeed becoming a center of attraction for interests not only in the Caspian Sea, but throughout the southeast and Central Asian direction. The summit is also important for us because its topic was not a discussion of the problems of the Caspian states, but the settlement of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. Thus, today Astrakhan is already seriously considered as a possible venue for the summit of the Caspian "five". All this clearly demonstrates that the image of the region has changed dramatically, and the Astrakhan region has already reached a completely different level.

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Geography

The village of Krasny Yar is located on the left bank of the Buzan channel of the Volga delta.

History

The Krasny Yar fortress began to be built in 1650 .
The county town of Krasny Yar in 1925 lost its city status, becoming a village.

Ancient history

The wooden and earthen fortress of Krasny Yar was also built according to the Chernoyarsk type. It differed from Chernoyarsk only in that it originally had five towers.

The founding of the town is directly related to those turbulent events that then captured the entire Lower Volga region in their cycle. As you know, in the summer of 1667, after the Black Yar, the Razintsy sailed unhindered along the Volga on their ships in the direction of Astrakhan. However, Razin did not intend to pass to the city, as he was well aware of the weakness of his then forces to storm the powerful fortress. That is why his planes turned into Buzan. And yet, somewhere at the beginning of the Buzan channel, the Cossacks had to face the detachment of S. Beklemishev, sent to cut them off from Astrakhan. The Cossacks, however, utterly defeated the archers and in early June 1667 passed by Krasny Yar. This was reported later from Krasny Yar by Astrakhan Matvey Kireev: “On the second day of July ... at the first hour, the days drove past the city on the other side, along the Buzan River District, in 30 plows of the Cossacks, according to an estimate in a plow of 30 in the Cheremshansky tract I will stand, from the city about three versts to the fishermen. Cheremshansky camp - the current village of Cheremukha, located a few kilometers below Krasny Yar. Here the razints lingered. The literature sometimes mentions the battle of the Cossacks with the Krasnoyarsk archers. But he was not, otherwise the same Kireev would have reported about him. It could not take place for the reason that in the summer of 1667, in fact, there was no city yet. It was only built on the orders of Prozorovsky's predecessor at the post of Astrakhan governor, Prince Ivan Khilkov. And there was simply no strong garrison in Krasny Yar. True, it is known that a new, more than one and a half thousandth army under the command of I. Ruzhinsky went after the Razintsy, but it was late to Krasny Yar. And so, calmly passing by the half-built town, the Razin ships entered the Caspian Sea.

19th century

Numerous fires and redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, left nothing of the fortifications. Time has not preserved the Vladimir Cathedral, which stood in the center of the town - one of the best buildings of the "Naryshkin" baroque in the Lower Volga region. But this land has preserved monuments of more ancient eras. Krasny Yar was built on one of the largest Golden Horde settlements. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk settlement is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saray. Local residents still find samples of Golden Horde household and architectural ceramics. Some of the finds can be viewed in a small local history museum. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders of the Vladimir Cathedral, which has not come down to us, used the decorative material of the Golden Horde city. When dismantling the cathedral, residents found many colored tiles that decorated the cathedral, very similar to the Golden Horde samples, which are now stored in the local museum.

Krasnoyarsk village

The Cossack population of the city made up the Krasnoyarsk stanitsa of the Astrakhan Host.

Architecture

The old architecture of the town is modest and unassuming. Several houses have survived from the time of classicism, but almost all of them are so rebuilt that it is almost impossible to guess their original forms. A two-storey building of the former government offices has been preserved from the late classical era. For those who have visited Cherny Yar and Enotaevka, it will be doubly interesting, because, despite the later restructuring that distorted its appearance, it clearly resembles the Presences of Cherny Yar and Enotaevsk. And only a rectangular frame added at the end of the architraves of the upper windows distinguishes the building from Krasny Yar from similar buildings in more northern towns. Having now become acquainted with all three structures, we can confidently say that the Chernoyarsk project was used in all three.

The wooden buildings of Krasny Yar are also interesting. The wooden house next to the Government Building has a classically simple composition of the main façade. The pillars of the pilasters, the multi-fragmented cornice, the mezzanine with three windows - everything seems to make the building related to that well-known type of small wooden manor house, which was established in the cities of Russia by the end of the classical period. But in the window decorations, this composition is already heavily clouded by a touch of false Russian stylization of the second half of the 19th century.

The carving of many residential buildings of Krasny Yar is simple and unpretentious. But this unpretentiousness is sometimes replenished by the "work" of the very design of any element of the building. And here plastically expressive can be a very simple platband of a window that is far beyond the plane of the wall, or an ordinary porch of a house. Such quite simple inventions, which, perhaps, are not inventions at all, nonetheless convey a uniqueness. residential buildings this quiet old town, lost among the countless branches of a huge delta.

Notable natives

Aristov, Averky Borisovich (1903-1973) - Soviet party and public figure
(1904-1976) - Soviet military leader, colonel general
Aldamzharov, Gaziz Kamashevich (born 1947) - Kazakh politician

Notes

Links

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

The name of the old Russian village was given by a steep ravine, the bank over the Belaya River. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

Today we will travel a little in the vicinity of Ufa, examine the village of Krasny Yar. It, along with the village of Bogorodskoye, which entered the city (known as the Inors district), is one of the first Russian settlements that arose near the Ufa fortress. And the name of the village is old, it has nothing to do with Soviet symbols (“Red Plowman”, Red Hammer”, etc.), but is explained by its location - on a steep high bank covered with red-brown clay.

How many villages and towns of Krasny Yar is located on the spot ancient settlement. During excavations in 1956, an ancient human settlement dating back to the 1st-2nd millennium BC was discovered here.

Among the objects of historical interest are the Trinity Church of the 19th century, the museum of the 25th Chapaev division and the obelisk to soldiers. There is an abandoned airfield near the village.

The inhabitants of the village primordially call themselves "Krasnoyarsk" - it sounds a little strange. They recently celebrated 390 years since the founding of the village. In the royal charter of 1635, it is indicated that in the place where Krasny Yar now stands, in 1618 there was already an Orthodox settlement with its own church, therefore, quite large.

Today the village is the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk rural settlement. It is located 10 km from federal highway M 7 in the Belaya bend on the opposite left bank from the city.

Road to Krasny Yar.Photo by Sergey Sinenko

During the Pugachev uprising, when Ufa was under siege, and the city was surrounded by detachments of ataman Zarubin, nicknamed Chika, one of the rebel centers was located here. From November 30, 1773 to March 25, 1774, detachments were located here, which were led by the peasant of Krasny Yar P. Vyazov, the Bakalinsky Cossack A. Eremkin, the fugitive sergeant F. Ryabov and the Kazan merchant P. Alekseev. This is such a company...

The detachments that set out from Krasny Yar participated in two attacks on Ufa on December 23, 1773 and January 25, 1774. During the second assault, several cavalry soldiers broke into the outskirts of the city, but were repulsed.

After the victory of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhelson over Zarubin's detachments near the village. Chesnokovka, a team of captain G. P. Kardashevsky was sent to Krasny Yar. The soldiers entered the village on March 26, but they did not catch the Pugachevites - having thrown three guns, they fled the day before to the Blagoveshchensk plant (today the city of Blagoveshchensk is 40 km from Ufa).

By the end of the XIX century. the village had two hundred households and about one and a half thousand inhabitants. The village had three butter churns, three dyeing establishments, thirteen windmills and one water mill.

Since 1880, a zemstvo school has operated in Krasny Yar. The surnames of the native Krasnoyarsk eloquently testify to the crafts that their ancestors were engaged in - the Sukharevs, Zhernovkovs, Stupins, Zasypkins, Skornyakovs, Smolnikovs, Vyazovs, Ponomarevs, Strelnikovs, Solodovnikovs, Shangins (all these surnames are common today).

Krasny Yar had its own pier, but there were few roads to the village - apart from the waterway, there was only one country road from the village to the Ufa-Birsko-Siberian tract. The inhabitants of the village traded in grain, flour, bast, linden dies, livestock products. Apparently, successfully, because the village grew - the 1902 census showed that there were already 262 households and 2222 inhabitants in the village.

By this time, four main streets stood out in the village - Sukonnaya, where the richest houses stood, Bolshaya (now Chapaeva Street), Officerskaya (Sovietskaya Street) and Lyubilovka (Frunze Street). Among the inhabitants of the village stood out two teachers, two police officers, a priest, a deacon and a psalmist.

A stream on the outskirts of the village of Krasny Yar. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

In 1880, Krasnoyarsk parish guardianship was organized from among the rural assembly. Respected residents of the village - Pavel Stupin, Martyry Sukharev, Dimitry Dulyasov, Gabriel Berdinsky and priest Avksenty Belsky became members of the guardianship. Petr Sukharev was chosen as the chairman of the guardianship. The main concern of the guardianship was the collection of funds for the construction of a new brick church.

In 1893, Bishop of Ufa Dionysius Khitrov, who traveled a lot to the parishes of the diocese, wrote in his diary: “There are two churches in Krasny Yar, one wooden, with one altar, in the name of the Holy Trinity. Another church is stone, external structure coming to an end, the bell tower is just not finished, however, there are quite enough bricks and other materials for the construction of the bell tower, but for the interior decoration it will take a lot of money, and there is nowhere to get them from. Let's try to finish it somehow next year, if the Lord does not leave us with His help. The circumstance that the wooden church is becoming very dilapidated encourages a speedy end. From his own funds, Bishop Dionysius allocated one hundred rubles.

The church in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity was built on donations for twelve years, and was consecrated in 1896.

It is known that the temple had a rich library brought to Krasny Yar from the village of Bogorodskoye (now Inors). It consisted, in addition to liturgical books, of collected works of Russian foreign classics and a selection of natural science literature. There was a parochial school attached to the church. Shortly after the construction of the stone church, the wooden one was transported to one of the nearest villages on the banks of the Belaya River (which one could not be identified). The bank on which the temple stood was washed away by the river over time, and with it the old temple itself disappeared.

A description of the village made in 1895 has been preserved. Krasny Yar is located “on an elevated plain on the left bank of the Belaya River near the Nameless Spring, on which there is a mill; in the fields there are several swamps and one lake. Put on in two areas, the village on the outskirts of the northern edge of the allotment.

Changes in the land: part of the arable land has moved to pasture and the entire hayfield is plowed up ... The fields are on level ground, located near the village. In one field there is a pit with an area of more than three acres. The soil is black soil. There are ten windmills in the village. The forest in the south-west was put on, in eight sections.

By the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to the church library, there was a library-reading room at the Zemstvo school in the village. There were three grocers and one liquor store in the village, as well as a large household goods store.

A strong fire that broke out in the summer of 1906 destroyed almost the entire village. Residents restored it quickly enough and even built a new school building - the new academic year, 1907, began already in a new one-story building. According to the 1917 census, there were 280 households in Krasny Yar, in which 1,750 people lived.

Belaya River near Krasny Yar. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

During the Civil War, the village became one of the key centers for the so-called Ufa operation, which was carried out by the Southern Group of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.

Kolchak attached special importance to Ufa. The western army of General Khanzhin was reinforced by the 1st Volga Corps of General Kappel and reorganized into three well-armed groups - Ufa, Ural and Volga. They were given the task of withdrawing beyond the Belaya River and, using this water barrier, stop the advance of the Red Army, and then achieve a turning point in their favor.

The counter-offensive of the Red Army in 1919 included the liberation of the Ufa region from Kolchak's troops. The plan for the Ufa operation was developed by M.V. Frunze, and the operation itself lasted from May 25 to June 19.

To encircle the enemy, it was decided to strike south and north of Ufa. On the southern flank were the shock forces of the Red Army, on the left flank was the 25th Infantry Division under the command of Chapaev.

The right flank was chosen as the main direction, but the attempt of the strike group of the right flank on June 4-7 to force the Belaya River failed. At the same time, on the night of June 7, units of the 25th Chapaev division on the left flank managed to cross the river and captured a bridgehead on the opposite bank on the peninsula opposite the village of Krasny Yar. In this situation, on June 8, M.V. Frunze transferred the reserve 31st division to the left flank and on June 9, the Chapaevs, after fierce fighting, occupied Ufa.

Trinity Church in the village of Krasny Yar, Ufa region. Agricultural warehouse building. Photo from the 1980s

After the revolution, the Trinity Church was used as a granary, then it was abandoned and partially destroyed. In the center of the village, buildings of the second half of the 19th century have been preserved in their original form. Architecturally, they represent a specific village street. One of the buildings is occupied by the museum named after the 25th Chapaev Rifle Division. The museum building is a witness to the events of the Civil War, it was built in 1880. It housed the field headquarters and the infirmary of the 25th division from 2 to 7 June 1919. The house-museum was opened in Krasny Yar in 1940. The museum has the opportunity to get acquainted with the exhibitions "Household Items" and "The History of the Village of Krasny Yar", but also to conduct a tour on a specific topic - about V. I. Chapaev, M. V. Frunze. Recently, an excursion about the leader of the White movement, A. V. Kolchak, has been added to the usual revolutionary local history topics.

Based on the events of the military operation of 1919, in 1968 a documentary film "Thunderstorm over Belaya" was filmed. Every year, the reconstruction of the Ufa military operation is carried out in the village and its environs.

Near the Chapaev Museum, two one-story wooden houses built in the 19th century, which are large peasant huts, have been preserved.

Nearby is the Trinity Church, built of red brick (Sovetskaya st., 80). The temple has recently been restored. Yuri Alekseevich Sukharev, whose ancestors had lived on this land for several centuries, took up this business. His great-grandfather participated in the construction of the church. Local residents returned the image to the temple. The altar was decorated with a new large icon of the Trinity, painted by Alexander Yakovlevich Prilukov.

Trinity Church, functioning temple. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

Currently, the temple is almost completely restored. In 2010, on the feast of the Trinity, five bells were installed on the bell tower of the Holy Trinity Church. This year, another large bell weighing 164 kg was added to them. It was delivered by the head of the church, Yuri Sukharev, from the city of Kamensk-Uralsky Sverdlovsk region– places where traditions of casting bells are preserved.

The predominant population of the village is Russian, so it was natural to open here in 2003 the Russian historical and cultural center "Krasny Yar" (Sovetskaya st., 82). In the house of culture of the village, a corner of Russian culture "Russian Gornitsa" has been created, where items of ancient life and handmade Russian towels, embroidery, national costumes are presented. The historical and cultural center holds traditional Russian holidays "Maslenitsa", "Easter", "Ivan Kupala Day", a stylized "Russian Wedding", a Russian song festival.

2017-10-21T13:13:04+05:00 Sergei SinenkoSergey Sinenko's bloghistory, local history, village, churchThe village of Krasny Yar The name of the old Russian village was given by a steep ravine, a bank over the Belaya River. Photo by Sergey Sinenko Today we will travel a bit in the vicinity of Ufa, we will see the village of Krasny Yar. It, along with the village of Bogorodskoye, which entered the city (known as the Inors district), is one of the first Russian settlements that arose near the Ufa...Sergey Sinenko Sergey Sinenko [email protected] Author In the middle of Russia