In case of aircraft and helicopter accidents, there are several main types of emergencies and therefore, for the sake of personal safety, each passenger is obliged to carefully read the memo on the rules of conduct on board an aircraft and rescue in the event of an accident during takeoff or landing.

In addition, he must listen to the flight attendant's instructions on the use of oxygen masks and the location of emergency exits from the aircraft of this design.

Most air passengers during an accident, instead of using the emergency exits, panic and arrange a stampede at the main entrances and exits. If you need to leave the aircraft on an inflatable ladder or from the wing of the aircraft, then to increase the speed of exit, you need to jump onto the ladder or onto the ground, and not try to sit down and slide down.

The jump will save you up to half a minute of time, which is very important in case of an aircraft fire or an explosion threat. Injuries and their severity during an unsuccessful takeoff or landing depend on the severity of the impact. Passengers are especially injured when their seat belts are not fastened. In this case, even a "conditionally soft landing" will entail fractures, bruises, dislocations and injuries, as the person will be thrown out of the chair into the cabin.

Emergency situations in the cabin

Decompression

Decompression is associated with the rapid release of air from the cabin of the aircraft. Decompression is accompanied by a deafening roar and whistle of escaping air. The salon is filled with fog and dust, visibility drops sharply.

Air comes out of a person's lungs, there is a ringing in the ears, gases in the intestines expand, and this creates additional, sharp pain. To avoid death from suffocation and rupture of the lungs, it is necessary in the very first seconds of decompression to put on an oxygen mask located near each seat.

Poorly worn or simply pressed to the nose and mouth, an oxygen mask does not always save from loss of consciousness, so it must be put on. To help a passenger sitting next to you or your relative, you must first put on a mask for yourself. Otherwise, both of you can die, left without oxygen!
The action of the aircraft crew is an immediate descent to an altitude of less than 3000 m, at which the oxygen content is considered almost normal.

An aircraft fire can occur for several reasons. One of them is the ignition of one or more engines. In this case, through the windows you can see the flames escaping from the engines or turbines on the wing of the aircraft, and at the very beginning of the fire, a thick black smoky plume emanating from them. Such a fire is associated with violations and serious malfunctions in the operation of aircraft engines and, as a rule, leads to engine shutdown and forced landing.

In another case, a fire may occur due to negligence in handling fire in the aircraft cabin. Modern aircraft made not only of aluminum, they carry a significant amount of synthetic and other flammable substances, such as plastic, foam rubber, polystyrene and others. These materials are dangerous not only due to their increased flammability, when burning or smoldering, they emit toxic substances, which, together with the fire, spread very quickly through the cabin, and a lot of thick black smoke is released, which makes breathing difficult and contributes to loss of orientation.

In the event of a fire in the aircraft engines or inside the cabin, the crew makes an emergency landing. In this case, the main thing is not to create panic, but in an organized manner after the plane stops, go to the main or emergency exits, observing the established order (children, pregnant women, the disabled, then everyone else). In case of fire inside the aircraft cabin, heading to the main or emergency exits, the following rules must be observed:

in no case do not open the emergency exit hatches from the aircraft where there is fire and smoke - this will only increase the fire and smoke in the aircraft cabin;
don't take it with you hand luggage- this will complicate your situation and lead to the loss of precious time; try not to breathe poisonous smoke (often yellow color due to burning plastic), cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or piece of clothing.
In a smoky aircraft cabin, it is better to crawl to the exit or on all fours, since there is less smoke below. Remember: smoke is more dangerous than fire! protect your skin from burns by wrapping yourself in clothes and wearing a hat, protect your eyes, face and hands from burns; do not stand in a long queue at the exit - there are others emergency exits;
if the passage is littered, then get over the chairs, lowering their backs;

The most important thing is to follow all the instructions prescribed by the flight rules and not cause a fire yourself.

takeoff accident

This is perhaps the most dangerous view accidents, since the aircraft has a full load of fuel during take-off, which can explode or ignite on impact. In addition, an accident during takeoff is a possible engine failure for a short period of time. high altitude, causing the aircraft to crash. In such a situation, it is almost impossible to survive, although in world practice there are cases of saving one or even several people who miraculously survived.

Emergency landing

During a forced landing, an airplane or helicopter can crash into trees, a rock, split in half, catch fire and explode. In case of announcement emergency landing you need to take a safe, fixed posture.

bend over and tightly clasp your hands under your knees;
put your head on your knees or tilt as low as possible;
rest your feet on the floor, pushing them as far as possible (but not under the chair in front of you!);
at the moment of impact, one must prepare for strong overloads, which may have different direction(both down and up), so you need to strain as much as possible, as the athletes say, to group.

The crew of the aircraft must:

immediately evacuate all passengers and crew members to a safe place;
take with you group and individual emergency rescue equipment;
provide the first necessary medical care passengers and crew members;
prepare emergency radio stations for operation and transmit a disaster message; determine your location;
prepare signal visual means for use (signal mirror, bonfires, signal signs);
prepare a landing site for a rescue helicopter.

All the work listed above must be supervised by the aircraft commander or, in case of his injury, death, one of the crew members. After assessing the situation, the aircraft commander or the person replacing him makes appropriate decisions. He distributes duties between the crew members and the most active passengers who did not succumb to panic and decadent moods.

Their task is to organize a temporary camp, shelter from adverse weather conditions, campfire and cooking. It is most expedient for everyone to remain at the scene of a disaster or forced landing, which, of course, facilitates the search and allows you to save strength and health of people until the rescue team arrives. This decision is justified under the following circumstances:

when a distress call is transmitted by the crew in the air or immediately after landing;
if the place of landing is not exactly determined; if the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass (mountains, taiga, deep snow, etc.);
when the direction to the nearest settlement is unknown;
if most of the crew or passengers are injured and cannot move independently.

When deciding to stay at the emergency landing site, the pilot-in-command or a crew member replacing him, in the first place:

establishes a round-the-clock duty for air and the surrounding area in order to detect rescue groups and give them a signal in a timely manner;
organizes the care of the sick and wounded;
takes account of all available property and food and establishes the norms for their expenditure;
organizes the construction of shelters from adverse weather conditions;
organizes the search for water and the extraction of food, using local opportunities (picking berries, mushrooms, edible plants, fishing and hunting);
carries out the prevention of possible diseases associated with poisoning and various diseases.

The decision to leave the place of forced landing is made:

if the exact location of the emergency landing and the distance to the nearest locality small;
if the state of health of crew members and passengers allows to overcome this distance during daylight hours;
in the event of an immediate threat to life (flood, fire, volcanic eruption, ice field break, etc.);
if the aircraft and people cannot be detected from the air by a rescue helicopter or aircraft due to dense vegetation;
if within three days there is no communication and assistance.

When making a decision to leave the place of emergency landing, the commander or crew member replacing him must:

allocate responsibilities;
distribute water and food among road users and establish daily norms for their consumption;
determine and, if possible, develop in detail the route of movement, plot it on a map and determine approximate time movement in stages;
prepare the necessary equipment, property and medicines that will ensure autonomous movement in deserted areas;
prepare means of signaling and communication for the possibility of using them at any time during the movement; prepare victims for transportation or independent movement;
at the scene of an accident or forced landing of an aircraft, leave a note with a detailed list of all crew members and passengers, indicate the circumstances of the accident (forced landing), the state of health of all crew members and passengers, the direction of movement, time of departure, lay out an arrow of stones or cut down trees, make notches in trees, etc. in the direction of the departure of the group.

Forced water landing

Forced landing of an aircraft on the water is quite rare, but often ends in serious injuries, death of passengers and crew. It should be remembered that the plane can splash down quite unexpectedly and sometimes so smoothly and imperceptibly for passengers that they will take it for a normal landing at the airport. But it can happen that during splashdown, when hitting the water, the plane falls apart and quickly sinks. Wherein:

there are no life jackets and inflatable rafts on the plane;
means of rescue are in one place and you will not be able to reach them during the time that the plane is afloat;
there was a panic and it was impossible to get to the life jackets; the water overboard is icy;
there is a storm on the sea, and the waves reach several meters high;
emergency landing occurred far from the coast in the open sea;
fuel spilled from the aircraft tanks into the water caught fire.

In addition, it should be remembered that although aircraft have some buoyancy, it all depends on what type of aircraft. If the engines are located on the wings - the aircraft will be in a horizontal position, but if the engines are located in the tail of the aircraft, then it will float tail down. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. But if his fuselage is damaged, then this time will be much less.

Crew actions

Launch all available life rafts (they inflate automatically when dropped, in winter this happens in 3 minutes, in summer in 1 minute).
If the rafts do not inflate automatically, then the halyard is pulled with a strong jerk, which leads to the cylinder of the gas filling system.
If time permits, take warm clothes on the raft, as well as an additional supply of food and water, regardless of the presence of an emergency supply on board the life raft.
Make sure no one is left on board the aircraft.
The command of passengers on life rafts is assumed by the commander of the aircraft, and in the event of his death - the senior in rank.
Upon completion of boarding the life rafts, immediately move away from the aircraft (helicopter) dive site to a safe distance, using oars and other available items for this. Then straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of drifting with the wind and will not allow the raft to go far from the accident site, which contributes to a faster search for it by rescuers. In addition, an oily stain remains at the accident site for a long time, which also facilitates the search.
If there are several rafts, they must be tied together with a rope at a distance of 10-15 m from each other.
Organize a search for people who can still remain in the water and take measures to get them on the raft.
Organize the collection of all items that are in the water, as they may be useful in the future.
If you have a radio, immediately send a distress call and turn it on to beacon mode (instructions for using the emergency radio are printed on the radio, and no special skills are required to use it).

"Encyclopedia of Survival" Chernysh I.V.

Statistics say that aviation is the most safe view transport. On average, just over 3,000 people die in aviation accidents worldwide every year. For comparison, I will cite the same statistics of traffic accidents that claim more than 30,000 lives per year in our country alone. Why, then, do we sigh with such relief when the plane, having completed its short flight, touches the landing gear of the concrete runway of the airfield? Probably because plane crashes, if they happen, leave airline passengers with very little chance of survival.

But do they leave? Yes. And the more prepared a person is for self-rescue in a plane crash, the higher they are. An example of this is the disaster that occurred in 1974 with the B707 aircraft at Samoan Payu Payu Airport. Of the 102 passengers, only five survived. The commission of inquiry concluded that they survived only due to the fact that they carefully read the memos and listened to the instructions of the stewardess before the flight. During the accident, most of the escaping passengers rushed to the front doors, blocking the narrow passage with their bodies. Panic and stampede began, depriving them of hopes of salvation.

Five attentive passengers did not rush to the doors, but preferred, as recommended by the stewardess, to use the emergency exit leading to the wing of the aircraft. The rest paid a heavy price for their disregard for official instructions. The most hopeless from the point of view of survival should be recognized as air crashes associated with explosions of aircraft in the air, collisions of airliners. Slightly more likely to survive uncontrolled falls to the ground.

The only thing that can be advised here is to strictly follow the instructions of the crew. Fasten the belts, and adjust them to your size so that they do not hang on the body and are as low as possible, preferably almost on the hips. Put crossed arms on the back of the chair in front of you, tilt, press your head against them, stretch your legs and rest them on the floor or front seat. In another recommended position in case of an accident, which seems to me more convincing, you should clasp your hands with your elbows with the passengers sitting next to you, protect your head with your palms (or, covering your head with them, rest your elbows on the back of the front seat), put a folded blanket on your knees and under your stomach, a coat, a bag with soft things to create the most voluminous soft buffer, bend over, firmly press your chin to your chest and rest your knees on the back of the front seat.

From glasses, earrings, brooches, pens, keys, etc. it is better to get rid of pocket change so that subsequently doctors do not have to cut and pick them out of your body. Scarves, scarves, ties, chains and laces around the neck are dangerous, which, catching on a random protrusion, can strangle you. At the moment of impact, it is necessary to strain all the muscles as much as possible, especially in the forward and downward direction, from where, most likely, a push will follow. Until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not leave the seat and do not unfasten the seat belts. After the first blow, a second and third, more crushing, may follow.

Leaving the plane after a plane crash should be both through the main and through the emergency hatches. These hatches are located, as a rule, in each cabin. Unfortunately, the experience of accidents shows that passengers tend to leave the plane the same way they got into it. And they die in traffic jams formed at the entrances. To descend from the crashed aircraft to the ground, special ropes with knots and inflatable ladders are provided, which are two balloons inflated with air with a bottom stretched between them. One end of the ladder is fixed in the plane, the other rests on the ground. Passengers sit down (jump during a quick evacuation) on the floor and slide down it.

It is necessary to see emergency hatches and understand how they work before the start of a flight or a plane crash. Most hatches are opened by turning the handle down, after which the door is pulled into the cabin and moved to the side. In order not to damage the rubber surfaces of the ladder, women must remove their high-heeled shoes before boarding it. You should not hold on to the side edged cord (so as not to get burned) and linger at the bottom of the ladder, preventing other passengers from descending. In case of landing on water, each aircraft is equipped with collective and individual rescue equipment - life rafts and life jackets. Life jackets are stored in the seat of aircraft seats, from below.

The aviation lifejacket (ASJ) has two chambers isolated from each other (front and rear), each of which has a separate valve for blowing. The vest is put on over the head. For fastening on a body special belts are provided. To attract the attention of rescuers - whistle and emergency. The weight of the vest is 950 grams, the positive buoyancy is 15 kilograms. There is a first aid kit on board to provide medical assistance. Flight attendants and crew members are trained in first aid.

Actions during depressurization of the aircraft in the air and decompression.

Plane crashes at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression. At first, passengers hear a deafening roar, characteristic of a massive air leak from the passenger compartment. The surrounding area is filled with dust and fog, causing visibility to drop sharply. Separate loose objects and things can fly around the cabin. From the lungs, all the air located there is very quickly drawn out, which is impossible to hold by force, no matter how hard the chest is. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, which is accompanied by pain and noise in the ears, intestines, where internal gases expand, causing sharp pains. After a few seconds, the person loses consciousness from suffocation.

The only way to avoid losing consciousness when the aircraft depressurizes is to immediately use the oxygen mask, which is usually stored in the back of the seat in front, by putting it on the face. Just by putting it on, and not pressing it to your mouth, it is enough to lose consciousness for a small moment, which can happen with oxygen replenishment, so that it falls out of a weakened hand. Until the moment you put on a mask, you cannot try to help other people. Even if it's your loved one or your child. No matter how blasphemous it sounds, but the first concern should be about your health. What's the point if you rush to them first and die before you can help. First, save yourself, then, while maintaining consciousness and capacity, you will be able to help others.

Fasten the straps immediately after attaching the mask. The first thing the crew will do is send the aircraft that has lost pressure down, which can cause you to be thrown out of your seat. The safest places in accidents involving forced landings are located closer to the rear of the fuselage, but not in the tail itself. During the explosion and collapse of the aircraft in the air safe places, of course not. All these places are falling from the same height and with the same acceleration. And yet, even in such a hopeless situation as a free fall from a height of several kilometers, people manage to survive.

Getting on the plane, for security reasons, it is necessary.

- Study the memos, listen to the instructions of the crew.
- Fasten the belt, adjusting it to the figure.
- When the aircraft depressurizes, immediately put on an oxygen mask, help the neighbors do it.
- In case of an emergency landing, remove earrings, glasses and throw away other sharp and breakable objects.
- Take a security position, bow your head, rest your elbows and knees on the front seat, put soft things under your stomach and chest.
- In case of a crush at the exit - use the emergency exit.

It is forbidden.

- clutter up the top shelves with heavy things
- Unfasten your belts, get up before the command.
- Help others before putting on the oxygen mask.
- Give in to panic.

Actions during an emergency landing of an aircraft in the event of a plane crash.

After a plane crash and a forced landing, the surviving passengers should follow the instructions of the crew, who are trained in actions in such extreme conditions. But even before that, without waiting for a separate invitation, it is necessary to run away from the aircraft that has made an emergency landing, so as not to fall under a possible explosion, lie down on the ground behind some kind of obstacle and cover your head with your hands. And do not get up before the command of the crew. Or until the plane cools down and the fuel spilled on the ground evaporates.

After that, if another team does not follow, the passengers should get together, carry the wounded to a safe distance from the crashed aircraft and provide them with first aid (first, people with severe arterial and venous bleeding and airways clogged with foreign objects, then with fractures, wounds and other injuries), to separate from the bulk of the people who died, to examine the wreckage of the aircraft and the surrounding area in order to search for items useful for survival, to build a temporary shelter that protects from wind and precipitation.

These are priority actions, until the completion of which it is inappropriate to engage in others. It is only later that you can analyze the place where you are, for topographical hazards and the convenience of your stay, and try to find a safer one. In no case do not go far from the wreckage of the aircraft, unless it is caused by a real need. The first thing they will do is follow the route of the missing airliner. Thanks to scattered, well-visible debris from the air and damage to the natural appearance of the terrain, they will quickly find it, but if you went into distant forests and dispersed in twos, threes in all directions, you will still have to gather.

Any search for places suitable for survival should be made only in the daytime and only in pairs or threes. Solo walking is not allowed. While the scouts are searching, everyone else should warm up and kindle as much as possible. Fire, besides heat, is important as a moral support factor. The sight of fire always calms and inspires hope. In addition, the fire facilitates the search for the crash site, as it is visible from the air for ten or more kilometers. When allocating responsibilities and tasks, it should be taken into account that most attention wounded and injured people demand to themselves.

Children, despite their seeming insecurity, are physically very hardy (remember preschoolers who, in severe frost, with laughter, stuff snow into each other by the scruff of the neck and then manage not to get sick! Yes, an adult would die in their place.), But they are weak in spirit, so they need support. Old people, on the contrary, are physically weak, but this is more than compensated by their life experience and moral endurance. Women are simply an example of endurance and patience, but it is important for them to participate in their fate of the stronger sex, and most importantly, rational leadership.

In situations of a plane crash, when the crew of the aircraft died, it is important that a leader stand out from among the confused passengers. He must inspire confidence with all his appearance and behavior, give orders without a hint of doubt in his voice, even if he does not know what to do in the next minute. Anarchy is much worse than the most short-sighted one-man command. There are usually no problems with self-promotion to a managerial position in extreme conditions of an accident. Confused people will only be glad that someone will take responsibility for their lives. To avoid possible mistakes, the commander must rely on the advice of the most experienced survivors.

Aircraft fire action.

Fire is the next most dangerous type of air crash. Lightweight for obvious reasons, fuel tanks and tens of tons of fuel contained in them contribute little to fire safety. No wonder every fifth aviation accident is accompanied by a subsequent fire. And that is why it is so important to comply with flight instructions that categorically prohibit the transport of flammable combustibles and explosives on aircraft. Air fire regulations are more stringent than land fire regulations. It is understandable - in the cabin of an aircraft burning at an altitude of 10 thousand meters, you cannot pull the stop crane and jump out the window. In addition, an additional provocateur of ignition here is the rarefaction of the atmosphere caused by altitude, which significantly increases the evaporation of volatile liquids.

In the event of a fire in an airplane, you must quickly get rid of combustible and melting under the influence of fire synthetic clothing. For example, women from pantyhose. But outerwear made of poorly burning natural materials, on the contrary, should be worn to protect themselves from the heat of the flame. For the same purpose, and to protect the legs from possible splinters, wear shoes. Definitely non-combustible hats. If there is, throw a blanket or blanket on top. Attempts to extinguish a fire with the help of on-board fire fighting equipment (the location of which is better to know in advance) are not forbidden.

It is necessary to protect the respiratory tract from smoke with rags soaked in water, milk, juice, urine. With strong smoke, it is better to move on all fours near the floor. If the passage is blocked, crawl over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats. Emergency hatches should not be opened if smoke and fire are visible behind them. And yet, in the course of all these actions, we must not forget that everything is not going so badly. That, according to statistics, out of a hundred people who became victims of a secondary fire that broke out after a forced landing, seventy, in spite of everything, survive. Good odds? Well, that means everything will be fine!

Based on the materials of the book "School of Survival in Accidents and Natural Disasters".
Andrei Ilyichev.

| Schedule for the academic year | Air transport

Fundamentals of life safety
5th grade

Lesson 16
Air transport

Modern aircraft are reliable and almost always safe to fly. However, there are no completely safe mechanisms, machines. An airplane is a very complex machine, and the weather during the flight is not always quiet and sunny. Unfortunately, an average of 3,000 people die in air crashes around the world every year.

In flight, the aircraft is always autonomous, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on Earth: technicians, signalmen, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect it is, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong winds, poor visibility, snow and rain affect flight safety, sometimes creating situations that require a lot of skill, perseverance, and sometimes courage from the crew and ground services to overcome.

The passenger must also comply with the rules on the implementation of which the safety of the flight depends.

How to behave in the cabin:

Before takeoff and landing, take your seat and do not walk around the cabin;
on the shelf located above the chairs, place only non-bulky things (coat, raincoat, jacket);
carefully listen to the information of the stewardess about the rules of conduct and safety equipment on board the vessel;
during the flight, study the rules for the use of safety equipment;
make sure that during takeoff and landing, the seat belt is tightly pulled at the hips;
in dangerous situations, remain calm and follow all instructions of the crew.

In catastrophic situations on airplanes, two dangerous types of passenger behavior are usually manifested - panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, is more common. You should take this into account and never stop fighting for your life.

Let's take a look at some of the dangerous situations that are possible during the flight, and together we will think about how to get out of them.

In the event of an accident on an airplane, the margin of time for action is very small, so fear, panic will only increase the danger, reduce this time. It is necessary to act wisely: your salvation depends on it.

If an accident occurs when taking off, landing or at high altitude, pilots will try to abort the flight and land the aircraft, however, an emergency landing in this case will not be soft.

During an emergency landing you need to take a safe position: the body is bent, the head is tilted as low as possible, hands cover the head, legs rest against the back of the front seat. Remove bulky, heavy and other dangerous items that can cause injury. Try to put on your outerwear.

After an emergency landing it is necessary not to panic, to follow all the commands of the aircraft crew, to help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can only leave the plane through the emergency exits. After leaving the plane, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, since it may explode. Actions must be clear, conscious, fast, because health and life depend on it.

When the aircraft is depressurized during the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or overhead.

In case of an airplane fire all crew commands must be followed. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the plane as soon as possible, and for this you need to head to the nearest emergency exit. You should make your way to the exit on all fours, crouching as low as possible, since there is less smoke below (not so much fire as smoke is dangerous). Cover your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (wet if possible). Do not take hand luggage with you, show determination and discipline.

During an emergency landing on the water you need to wear a life jacket, but inflate it only slightly so that it does not interfere with the exit.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. If you have ever flown on airplanes, tell us about your impressions.
2. Tell us about the safety rules for air transport.
3. Recall and tell about any film or book that shows (describes) an emergency in air transport.

TASK 25. During the flight, the plane experienced a malfunction, as a result of which an emergency landing was planned. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Do not panic, listen to the information of the crew.
2. Group before landing, cover your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Get dressed.
4. Go to the crew to clarify the situation.
5. Fasten your seat belt.
6. Prepare your belongings for evacuation.

If a child is flying without a separate seat: hold the child in your arms, tightly fastened with a child seat belt to your tightly fastened seat belt. With your own hands, create a safety zone around the child's head - a protective field. If the child is sitting on a separate chair: show him how to group - tilt his head to his knees, and cover his head with his hands. Do not pick up a child during an emergency landing - leave it in a regular seat (if the child is over 5 years old), or in a special child seat designed to transport children on an airplane, which I am talking about (if the child is from 0 to 5 years old). In an emergency, an adult will not be able to correctly hold not only the child, but also his body (which is why it is important to tighten the belt tightly!). Upon impact, the torso of an adult fastened person begins to fold around the belt, as if grouping, as a result of which he rests his head against the back of the seat in front - which is why the backs of aircraft seats are made to fold forward when pressed from behind. And for this reason, and not only to clear escape routes during takeoff and landing, they are asked to be brought to a vertical position and fold down the folding tables.

During a fire emergency landing, cover yourself and the child with outerwear, put on hats - following the instructions of the flight attendants, crouch, walk or crawl to the exit, covering the child.

In case of an emergency landing on water, you must use a life jacket, which is usually located under the seat. It must be put on over the head and fastened as shown in the pre-flight briefing. DO NOT ACTIVATE (INFLATE) THE VEST BEFORE LEAVING THE PLANE!!! This can make evacuation difficult! Evacuation is carried out on the wing plane or on inflatable ladders.

When descending the inflatable ladder, you should get rid of shoes with heels. Having approached the emergency exit with a baby in your arms, you should, holding it approximately at chest level, sit on the ladder and slide down the ladder as if from a hill, covering the child with yourself. Below you need to release the ladder as soon as possible and move to a safe distance. Adult children are evacuated through an inflatable ladder on their own.

Being in the water, it is necessary to control the position of the child's head in the surface state. Adopt a fetal position and hold the baby close to you to reduce heat loss.

Evacuation from the aircraft is carried out depending on the location of the source of danger and the location of emergency exits suitable for evacuation in a particular emergency. The rule "passengers with children - go ahead" does not apply. Do not open the emergency exit if a fire is visible through the window or the exit is below the water level! In any case, passengers closer to the exit are evacuated first, and then distant ones. An attempt to “overtake” each other, an attempt by passengers with children to be “out of line” will lead to a crush and panic. When moving inside the aircraft, hold the child in front of you, creating a “safety perimeter” around him with your hands and your body, thereby protecting him from possible crush (but this should not interfere with the normal evacuation of other passengers).

Panic is, in fact, one of the damaging factors, as it makes evacuation and rescue work difficult. In case of emergencies, it is necessary to maintain self-control, concentrate on the correct and accurate implementation of the flight crew instructions. If panicked people nearby should try to calm them down in a calm tone. It is important to prevent panic. It is important to extinguish it at the very beginning with all your might, as panic develops like an avalanche.

Unbelievable but true! Aircraft emergency landings

The media often trumpets about forced and emergency landings of aircraft caused by emergency situations on board. Such cases occur all over the world, from Northern to South Pole, no one and nothing is safe from them. So what are the reasons forcing the aircraft crew to make the decision to make an emergency landing? What emergency situations can arise in the air, and will the emergency continue on the ground? The invaluable experience and skill of the pilot, control over the situation and calmness of both crew members and passengers - these are the “human factors” that are most important in the event of an emergency on board the aircraft.

So, we present to your attention the most incredible cases of emergency landings of aircraft in extremely difficult circumstances, which, nevertheless, ended happily!

Statistics is a stubborn thing

In fact, it is not uncommon for various emergency situations to occur on board aircraft, and according to statistics, this happens especially often during landing and landing. Nevertheless, the device of modern airliners provides for all possible problems, and is equipped with a number of protection systems thanks to which, in the event of an emergency or emergency, it is always possible to land the aircraft safely (without casualties!)

In total, experts name several types of landings. The first of them is a regular landing, when the conditions for landing and the operation of the equipment comply with the standards. The next type of landing is an abnormal or forced landing that occurs with a deviation from the norm, for example, with an insufficiently qualified crew, when the flight support system does not work in full, or under adverse weather conditions. And finally, the last type of landing is an emergency landing. An emergency landing is considered to be the landing of an aircraft in distress, or when there is a real threat to the crew and passengers. Also, an emergency landing occurs when there is a lack of fuel or in bad weather conditions.

A splashdown on the Hudson

In New York City, in January 2009, a US Airwais passenger airliner, an Airbus A320 flying 1549 from New York to Charlotte with 150 passengers on board, was forced to make an emergency landing in the Hudson River due to engine problems.

As it turned out, just a few seconds after taking off from the airport, the airliner collided with a flock of birds, followed by a series of pops in the left engine, after which a flame broke out in it, and the plane began to lose altitude. The 57-year-old commander of the ship, Chesley Sullenberger, immediately made the decision to make an emergency landing. But, since the plane was unable to reach any of the nearest airports, the crew directed it to the Hudson River, and warned passengers about the imminent splashdown.

Due to the fact that the liner did not have time to develop high speed and rise high into the air, it was possible to prevent the destruction of the fuselage at the moment of contact with the surface of the water. Thus, during splashdown, the aircraft lost only one engine. After the plane landed on the water, the passengers climbed onto the wings of the plane, from where they were immediately removed by rescuers of boats that urgently arrived at the place and nearby river trams, which delivered them to the shore.

Thanks to the experience and skill of the crew commander, out of 150 passengers and 5 crew members, no one died, only a few people were injured and hypothermia, since in New York that day the air temperature was -6 ° C, and the water temperature in which the passengers I had to stand knee-deep, waiting for rescuers, did not exceed +2°C. A few minutes after the completion of the operation to rescue the victims, the plane went under water.

After this incredible incident, talk about the pilot who safely splashed down the huge liner did not subside for a long time.

And the information that Chesley Sullenberger, who has been a US Airways pilot since 1980, had previously served in the Air Force for seven years, where he was a fighter pilot, received wide publicity. He also took part in air crash investigations and worked as a flight instructor. In addition, Sullenberger is the owner of Safety Reliability Methods, a consulting firm that assists clients with in-flight safety.

Although the landing of huge liners on the water rarely ends well, there are many cases like this. Among them, one can single out the splashdown on the Neva of the passenger Tu-124 in 1963, when all the crew members and passengers, without exception, remained alive.

In the former USSR, there were two more cases of emergency splashdowns

One of them occurred in the Moscow Sea in the summer of 1972. During the testing of the Tu-134 emergency power supply, the crew deliberately turned off the generators, not taking into account the fact that when switching to emergency power supply, fuel is not supplied automatically, and it must be manually pumped using a pump. In the plane, both engines left without fuel died out, and the pilots had to land on the water. The splashdown was successful, and the aircraft, thanks to its sealed design, remained afloat. No harm done.

The next story of an emergency landing on water occurred in 1976 near Kiev, when the Yak-40 liner had to be landed directly on the swamp. Apparently the reason emergency was the accidental transfer of the aircraft engine control knobs to the "STOP" position. This crash landing was also without casualties. It was after this incident that a special blocking bar began to be installed in aircraft, which does not allow the engines to be stopped during the flight.

Safe landing at the Warsaw airfield

After the incredible landing of a Polish airliner at the Warsaw airport on November 2, 2011, this topic did not leave the television screens and the front pages of printed publications for a long time.

Passenger aircraft of LOT Airlines - Boeing 767, flying from the USA to the capital of Poland, made an emergency landing in international airport named after Chopin. The situation was caused by a power failure, as a result of which the chassis did not extend.

The plane circled over the airport for a long time, the emergency landing procedure was planned in the air and thoroughly prepared. Thanks to the coordinated and efficient actions of the pilots, the Boeing was successfully landed "on its belly", and none of the 231 passengers on board the liner was injured. Despite the fact that experts did not rule out the tragic ending of an emergency landing, fortunately, a catastrophe was avoided. The passengers of the plane did not even fully realize how dangerous and emergency the situation was, and practically did not feel that the landing gear was missing. They only felt an unusual crack, and noted that the landing was soft. The firefighters, who had sat down “on their belly”, for reinsurance, filled it with foam, thereby eliminating the possibility of fire.

Following an emergency landing, nearby flights were canceled and the airport was closed to receive the faulty airliner.

The landing, which saved the lives of 10 crew members and 221 passengers, ended safely thanks to the professionalism and composure of 53-year-old pilot Tadeusz Wron, who has worked in civil aviation for more than 30 years.

Crash landing on an abandoned runway

In the fall of 2010, the TU-154M aircraft of the airline company AK Alrosa, en route from Yakutia to Moscow, made an emergency landing in Komi. Due to the failure of navigation and electrical equipment, the crew of the aircraft was forced to land the aircraft almost blindly - the pilots could not even determine the exact location of the aircraft, and there was only thirty minutes of fuel left for the flight. After the plane left the zone of low cloud cover, the crew noticed a swamp, into which it was impossible to land, the crew continued to search for the site. After the next turn of the vessel, the commander noticed an abandoned strip, where he directed the helm.

The landing was made on the old airport runway, which Lately intended only for helicopters. The landing was slightly softened by young trees that grew on an abandoned runway, but due to the failure of electrical equipment, the aircraft could not slow down on a runway of 1,200 meters, and was taken out into the forest for 150-200 meters. There were 72 passengers on board the plane, none of them were seriously injured. (Perhaps it was this case that was taken as the basis for the film Yolki-2, they are painfully similar).

When the fate of the plane that fell into the forest was being decided, locals jokingly offered to convert an abandoned ship into a bar-restaurant.

Other cases and causes of emergency landings

In November 2011, an Airbus A380 passenger jet belonging to the Australian airline Qantas crashed in Dubai. The crew was forced to make an emergency landing due to engine problems. According to the instructions, the pilots of the liner decided to turn off the problematic engine and make an emergency landing. None of the 283 people on board were injured.

A month earlier, a Turkish Airlines flight from Istanbul slid off the ground while landing at an Indian airport. runway due to heavy rain. There were 104 people on the Airbus 340 vessel, everyone was urgently evacuated, there were no casualties.

After a little analysis, we note that the most common cause of an emergency landing is the ingress of birds into the aircraft engine.

Chassis problems are not uncommon. And the main dangers are depressurization and ignition of the cockpit in the air. However, all these troubles can be dealt with. And most importantly - often without victims.

History remembers cases when smoke in the cockpit led to an emergency landing with a happy ending. And problems with ventilation and air conditioning systems or partial depressurization of the aircraft cabin were eliminated in the air.

In addition to the causes of emergency landings for technical reasons, such as a power failure or a low oil level in the engine, there were also not quite standard cases. One of these was an emergency landing due to a peculiar smell coming from the kitchen compartment in the tail section of the aircraft.

Landing forced or emergency

Forced landings, unlike emergency landings, are fairly common. An emergency landing is the landing of an aircraft without any flight accidents, outside the destination, due to a malfunction of the on-board systems or other factors. For example, such as the closure of the destination airfield due to adverse weather conditions. Often cases of controlled forced landings are presented as emergency, which can lead to the development of aerophobia in impressionable natures. But, despite the fears, hardly anyone will refuse transport, which can cover huge distances between continents in just a few hours.