The role of air transport in the tourism industry. Tourism and air transport

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The following types of transport are used in the tourism industry:

air, ground and water.

The main means of transport are:

a) air - airplanes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes,

paragliders, Balloons;

b) ground - trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;

c) water - sea and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats,

Each of the listed modes and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristics(Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and economy.

The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distance, transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.

Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the movement of a passenger is not limited within a compartment or carriage, and any position preferred for a person (sitting, lying, etc.) is possible.

Still at the dawn of development railway transport studies of the influence of train movement on the passenger's condition were carried out.

Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper "Friend of Health", in which the beneficial effects on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system of traveling by rail were substantiated. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of the railways, doctors began to prescribe not only marine and river walks but also travel by train.

Travel by river and sea transport also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, delicious food, lots of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes not allowing the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to the coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.

According to many years of statistical research, the most dangerous is road transport. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use throughout the world and the special operating conditions: a large dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition Vehicle, road surface, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is the most accessible to everyone and the least controlled.

Cost-effectiveness when choosing a transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, with distances up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of a trip by rail, while the gain in time can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for going through the formalities at the airport, the time it takes to get to the airport and back, the gain in time can be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.

To fully characterize air transport in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the ever-increasing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and not comfort.

Air transport, namely, airplanes, is most often and traditionally used for long-distance travel, for delivery to a destination. Helicopters - demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (panoramic sightseeing tours, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. For the delivery of divers, skiers off-piste (free riders) to the place of diving, start, which may be difficult to access, small aircraft and helicopters are used. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer season and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are those who wish to travel in this way.

Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stopover, does not require special stations, tracks, practically does not depend on weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental trips. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed, dependence on weather conditions.

Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.

Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to a destination. In addition, there are the concepts of "tourist trains" and "railway tours". For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; in the field: "Glässir Express" (Switzerland), "Emperor" (Vienna-Salzburg); at the entrance: "Golden Eagle" (Russia).

Thus, there is no single criterion for choosing a vehicle for tourist travel, because each trip has its own parameters, and each mode of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to the destination. And if - in St.

Petersburg, then the choice between plane, train, or car

carried out by the passenger, based on personal preferences or circumstances.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of various modes of transport

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education

"Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and Regional Marketing

TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURISM ACTIVITIES

(abstract on the discipline "Organization of inbound and outbound tourism")

Completed by a student

course 923-z group

Ivanova I.I.

Barnaul 2014

INTRODUCTION

ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC

ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

RAIL TRAVEL

MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the price structure of the tour. Depending on the duration and distance of travel, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Various types of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during a trip.

Transport trips are trips of organized groups of tourists with vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various vehicles. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.

When planning his trip, the tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the place of rest, travel comfort, cost, the possibility of carrying luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, conditions for recreation, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - safety.

The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of movement and modes of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.

.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any means at hand to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and a little later, various types of engines, a person began to develop vehicles, respectively: wagons, carriages, steamboats, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes

Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of the state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational distribution of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approximation of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism.

The role of transport is great in solving social problems, ensuring business, cultural and tourist trips of the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, contributing to the mutually beneficial exchange between different countries.

.AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRAFFIC

According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing steady trend to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourist business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular mode of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and comfortable view transport when moving over long distances;

secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;

thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system.

Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1,000 airports in the world are involved in servicing international air communications, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of flights are American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, French Air France, German Lufthansa, British British Airways, etc. Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its efficient functioning and safety.

The international transportation network currently covers all geographic regions and more than 150 countries of the world.

Since air transport occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system every year, the need for its global coordination and regulation has long arose. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations.

As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through the airline's agencies;

reservation of seats and redemption of air tickets through booking systems;

an agreement with an airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;

organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable section of tourist transportation, as well as competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of this or that type of interaction with the airline.

.ROAD TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Auto services used in tourist services include three main areas:

) organization of bus trips;

) organization of travel by personal transport of tourists;

) car rental.

Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be attributed to the 70s. 20th century Prior to this in different countries buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips.

Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general population, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still an upward trend in its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for sightseeing and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also with sightseeing and educational purposes.

Seasonality in the organization of bus tours does not play such a big role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours are carried out throughout the year. Some decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, one bus is usually “busy” on one route.

According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the market of bus tours is observed in the field of a variety of routes and quality of service.

The opening of traffic on regular international routes is regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).

The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract for transportation, the contract for tourist services and the voucher

Bus trips can be organized on own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATP) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

As a rule, Russian firms work with rented buses. With such ATP, a travel company concludes a special contract for renting a bus for tourist transportation.

Traveling with the use of personal transport of tourists. Organization of a package tour car travel includes the entire range of services, with the exception of transport. but special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars, the travel company still provides. This is reflected in the specifics of the organization of car tours.

The road trip preparation process includes:

route development;

development of a traffic schedule;

itinerary documentation.

Car rental. Car rental (or rent) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center there are many car rental offices - from large to the smallest. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it "AVIS" in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor.

.RAIL TRAVEL

The railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any category of tourists, ranging from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on scheduled regular lines and charter trains, and ending with the organization of special tourist and excursion trains for local and long-distance traffic.

Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Vagon-Li, Akkor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main areas in this regard are:

laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation);

organization of special tourist trains, including "retro-locomotives" (special thematic trips on railway transport).

Regular trains. commuter trains follow a fixed schedule within a region or territory. The composition usually accommodates up to 1500 passengers, with up to 1000 seats. Trains make frequent stops at local stations. Seats in the carriages are not numbered.

Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially assigned out-of-regular charter trains. Special trains often include tourist-excursion trains, which also follow outside the regular schedule along routes specially laid out for them and traffic schedules drawn up taking into account the windows in the regular schedule and sightseeing and tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during mass holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the export of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work.

Trains and wagons are also divided into different categories.

Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any railway trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It is hard to even imagine that it can be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but a fascinating journey. However, this truth has long been recognized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized rail tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation to almost perfection.

Standard rail tours can be divided into three independent categories:

one-day;

short (2-3 days);

multi-day (from 5 days or more).

One-day tours start in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra bite to eat, but also watch performances by pop and circus artists. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. It can be a sightseeing trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure.

Short tours. During two-three-day railway tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed in such a way that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on the way. During the day, tourists are busy with all kinds of sightseeing activities.

Multi-day tours. The schedule of trains serving multi-day trips is very diverse. Depending on the route and the excursion program, tourists are often on the way during the daytime. As practice shows, so that travelers do not get tired, a tourist train should go non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the way. However, in some cases, short-term "green camps" are also assumed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the coast of the sea or a large lake.

.MOTOR SHIP TRAVEL

tourist market air transport train

A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently, dozens of cruise lines around the world operate hundreds of passenger ships with a capacity of 70 to more than 1000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.

Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million.

Water cruises are organized both on the seas, oceans, and on different rivers. There is much in common in the organization of sea and river cruises. However, in terms of vessel capacity, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of the tours, there are a number of differences among sea and river cruises.

Sea cruises. Today in the world sea cruises experiencing a happy period of recovery. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, new sea and ocean routes are being developed. The most popular water travel is in the USA, Great Britain and Germany. Demand for cruising is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries.

Main cruise regions:

) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October;

a) Caribbean winter months;

) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to late August.

The largest cruise operators are the American ones: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, and the British P&O Cruises Divison.

Payment on ships depends on:

from the comfort of the vessel;

River cruises. Unlike marine river cruises less affected by the weather, more informative, as they have a coastal view, there is a great opportunity to use green parking lots.

Western Europe has a fairly extensive shipping network of waterways. The following rivers flow through its territory: the Seine, the Elbe, the Danube, the Rhine and other rivers. All of them are connected by a complex system of canals, which provides excellent opportunities for the growth of the popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds the first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises on the Danube through seven countries are in great demand.

Tourist transportation is carried out at 80 various routes with a duration of 3 to 20 days.

The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists.

When serving tourists on motor ship tours, the following take part:

ship's crew;

employees of ship restaurants;

cruise tour team.

CONCLUSION

Transportation occupies one of the central places in the composition of almost any tourist product, is an integral stage of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport, there is no tourism, except for walking tours and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technological progress in society has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly deliver a person to any point. the globe, as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services.

The competitive struggle for the client both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport gave a powerful impetus to the process of improving the service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of the rolling stock, the creation comfortable conditions travel, organization of passenger leisure on board vehicles, providing them with special meals, developing incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies.

Thus, we can conclude that the transport and tourism complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing the development of each other, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities, cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry is necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully meet the needs of the main object - the tourist.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Brapmer R.A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry / Per. from English. - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 362 p.

.Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation.

.Ilyina E.N. Tourism - travel. Establishment of a travel company. Agency business: Textbook for tourist colleges and universities. -M., 1998.

.M.V.Gordienko "Integration processes and state management of the strategic development of the tourism industry in a market economy".//Materials of the International, Scientific and Practical Conf. Management-98.

.Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2000. - 320 p.

.Encyclopedia of Tourism: Directory / Ed.-comp. I.V. Zorin, V A Quarterly. M.: Finance and statistics, 2001.

7. Transport in tourism [Electronic resource]: tourist. portal, - M., 2013. - Portal access mode: . - Title from the screen.

Transport support in tourism [ Electronic resource ] : el. Journal, - Novosibirsk, - 2012-2014..aspx?id=601237.-> Title from the screen.

The role and place of air transport in tourism

Various types of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during their travels. The main share in the overall structure transport services belongs to aviation. The largest number of tourists, especially those traveling long distances, use aviation services.

Road transport can rightfully be called a transport of general use, since it is used everywhere: from transfers and excursions, inter-route transportation by buses to the rental of small cars by tourists for personal use on vacation. Buses and cars transport of local and intra-regional importance. Bus sightseeing and educational tours with visits to several cities and places of interest are especially popular. For touristsit is convenient that they can travel along the route and within the city on their own transport .

The main competitor of buses in group transportation is Railway. Within our country, it has some priority over air transportation. The advantage of rail transport is also morelow tariffs and (in foreign countries) an extensive system of discounts, travel tickets, etc., allowing you to travel over much more low prices . However, neither bus nor rail transportdo not compete with aviation over long distances
Water transport, river and sea in themselves already evoke the image of a tourist - cruise service and are used quite actively in tourism. water travel have a number of both advantages and disadvantages compared to other modes of transport.The most significant advantages are a high level of comfort, a large volume of a one-time load, the possibility of implementing various types and purposes of tourism (cognitive, business tourism, educational, shop tourism, etc.), good rest, a full range of life support . The main disadvantages can be called the low speed of movementvehicles, high fares, limited mobility, and often exposure of some people to "seasickness" on sea cruises.

Air transport in tourist traffic

Airplanes are the most popular mode of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances;

Secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;

Thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1 thousand airports of the world participate in servicing international air communications, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating both on domestic and international routes;

2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;

3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party

One of the types of international regulation of air transportation are plans to createpool connecting airlines operating on certain international routes.

Pool agreement connects airlines operating on the same international routes in order to optimize aircraft schedules, reduce the direction and regulate passenger flows during peak hours and periods, as well as in order to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines

The travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, fares and discounts provided by airlines.

Requirements of professional ethics when booking air tickets. In order to avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of passenger service, travel agents should adhere to the following simple rules:

Follow the standard procedures for booking tickets as determined by the particular airline.

Never book a double booking for a passenger if they can't decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will be able to use only one of them.

Regardless of the passenger's itinerary, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the way.

In the event of a change in itinerary by a passenger, immediately cancel the relevant booking with the airline, as well as cancel all other related services which are not required.

Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures for issuing tickets required by air carriers. Never issue tickets with a guaranteed seat until this guarantee has been confirmed by the respective airline.

All seats booked with airlines must be accurately recorded and properly documented. Documents to be drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, the status (guaranteed / non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, the names and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Report immediately in the prescribed form on receipt of all deposits.

Agency agreement with the airline . In principle, some airlines consider as their agents all travel companies that have an agreement with them for a quota of seats. However, in its purest form, an agency agreement is work with stocks, i.e. when a travel company gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline ticket sales agency (both for its tourists and just for sale), which simplifies and speeds up the booking and processing procedures travel documents. The travel company itself acts as the "ticket sales office" of the airline, that is, it issues tickets itself and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the booking network of this airline (for example, Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called "work with a stock of air tickets".

Charter (aircraft rental ). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer determines the route with the airline, the obligations of the parties are negotiated with him, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is clarified, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Type (brand) of the aircraft;

Number of places for sale;

The cost of renting an aircraft;

Route indicating airports of departure and arrival;

The duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);

Regularity of flights;

Possibility and deadlines for the withdrawal (cancellation) of the flight and the corresponding sanctions.

The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flights - the first return after the first arrival and the last one there before the last export) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight, the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer behind them. will return (i.e., for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of the air charter program reduces the cost of a "drop-down" flight, and therefore reduces the fare.

soft block , in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse their seats within a predetermined timeframe, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs later than the deadline, the customer will have to pay a fine. Usually, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

hard block provides for strict contractual obligations on the terms of sale and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the sum of the cost of two paired flights. At the same time, tariffs for the implementation of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the implementation of a soft block. In addition, with a contract for a hard block, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire period of the charter, which gives good opportunity distributors to vary prices during the "high" period of the season.

The most common sale of seats on charter flights is the so-called combined method, which combines elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being sold is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is sold according to the "hard" system, and the other - according to the "soft" system.

Often, not one, but several tour operators act as the initiator of the charter program. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when renting an aircraft provide for its payment in accordance with the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight.

Charter flights must not be in conflict with the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the obligations of the carrier to the passenger

When signing a charter agreement, the airline almost always puts the tour operator in tough conditions. First of all, the company requires an advance payment. Whatever its maximum size, the airline always insists that the first and last flights of the charter cycle be paid in advance. Thus, it insures itself and previously imported tourists against possible non-payments. Payment for flights is negotiated in advance and is made, as a rule, 7-10 days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the company has the right to impose penalties on the customer or terminate the existing contractual relationship with him

There are currently 315 airlines operating in the air transportation market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses for regular flights and carry 99% of the total volume of air passengers.

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian aviation business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia.

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient mode of transport when traveling over long distances;
- secondly, the service on flights currently has an attractive appearance for tourists;
- thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay commissions to travel agencies for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air transportation

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly strong position in the global transport system.

Now there are more than 1300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on flights annually. Over 470 carriers now provide international air services, about 250 of them operate international regular flights. More than 1 thousand airports of the world participate in servicing international air communications, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of flights are the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, and others. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the international air transport system is made up not only by international air carriers and airports, but also by states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.

The network of international transportation currently covers all geographic regions and more than 150 countries of the world

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating both on domestic and international routes;
2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party

One type of international air travel regulation is plans to create a pool that connects airlines operating on certain international routes.

A pool agreement connects airlines operating on the same international routes in order to optimize aircraft schedules, reduce the direction and regulate passenger flows during peak hours and periods, as well as in order to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines

A pool agreement could in principle lead to the elimination of competition along the route. But it also means maintaining the possibility of participation in transportation on the lines of companies of different sizes. Pool agreements are often entered into between airlines of disparate size in order to provide them with the best transportation opportunities and profits. Financing agreements between pooled carriers typically cap the maximum amount of revenue that can be transferred from one carrier to another to reduce the government's ability to support inefficient carriers. In some countries, however, pool contracts are currently prohibited (for example, in the USA)

International regulation of air transportation is carried out on the basis of international agreements signed between countries over many years.

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 was the first general agreement between airlines concerning the issues of ensuring the responsibility of airlines for the safety of passengers in the event of their death, injury or loss of luggage during carriage. (The Montreal Protocol later determined that the maximum liability will be periodically reviewed due to inflationary processes. Today, the airline's liability to the passenger is a maximum of 20 thousand US dollars.) This agreement is the basis for insuring passengers, mail and luggage on international air transportation.

Chicago Convention on civil aviation 1944, in the discussion on the adoption of which 80 countries took part, contains an agreement on the standardization of air service migration procedures between countries. These principles were adopted to provide the basis for bilateral agreements between countries. The agreement agreed not to regulate charter flights, allowing countries to apply individual regulation and conditions under which they accept and operate charter flights.

Bermuda Agreement 1946 Anglo-American transatlantic flights regulated bilateral agreements on these routes. In 1977, the Bermuda Agreement was revised (and ratified in 1980), in 1986 the new agreement expanded the actual load on routes across the Atlantic, limited to two British and two American carriers

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is one of the first most respected and authoritative world structures. ICAO members are 183 states. ICAO works closely with other organizations such as the United Nations Community, World Meteorological Organization, International Union of Electrical Communications, World Post Union, World Health Organization, International Sea Organization.

The International Association of Air Transportation - I ATA - was created to coordinate the actions of world airlines aimed at ensuring the safety and efficiency of air transportation in all regions of the globe. Founded in 1919 and reorganized in 1945, IATA is the professional association of aviation companies operating international flights. The main function performed by the Association is the regulation of international commercial air traffic, the introduction of uniform rules and procedures for all members and the establishment of agreed tariffs for passenger transportation on international routes.

Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special branch - the International Travel Agents Network (IATAN), the International Organization of Airline Agents, as well as through international organizations of civil airports

As part of the organization of tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

Reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through airline agencies;
- reservation of seats and redemption of air tickets through booking systems;
- an agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;
- agency agreement and work as an agency for the sale of air tickets for their tourists;
- organization of charter flights for tourist transportation

The travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, fares and discounts provided by airlines.

Follow standard airline booking procedures
- Never book a double booking for a passenger if he cannot decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will be able to use only one of them.
- Regardless of the passenger's itinerary, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the way
- In the event of a change in itinerary by a passenger, immediately cancel the relevant booking with the airline, as well as refuse all other related services that are not required
- Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures required by air carriers for issuing tickets. Never issue tickets with a guaranteed seat until this guarantee has been confirmed by the respective airline.
- All seats booked with airlines must be accurately recorded and properly documented. Documents to be drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, the status (guaranteed / non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, the names and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Report immediately in the prescribed form on receipt of all deposits

Always remember that the convenience of passengers and the normal operation of other agents and airlines depend on your efficiency, accuracy and courtesy.

Agreement on a quota of seats on regular flights. A seat quota, or otherwise a block of seats, can be either hard or soft. This affects the terms of the contract and special benefits and discounts. With a strict quota of places, the entire responsibility for the non-sale of block places lies with the travel company, regardless of the reason for the non-sale. The travel agency bears the financial losses. With a soft quota of places, the terms for the possible refusal of a travel company from a quota or part of a quota of places due to non-sale of tourist vouchers are set. These terms provide for the possibility of further sale of these seats by the airline itself or its other agents.

The contract with the airline for a quota of seats on regular flights includes:

Schedule of functioning of tours in the direction "there" and "back" with indication of destinations;
- number of tourists in each group (quota of places);
- deadlines for filing applications and redemption of air tickets;
- deadlines for canceling tickets orders without withholding fines (soft block);
- types of fares for purchased tickets, preferential fares, conditions for granting preferential fares;
- discounts and benefits for the quota of seats;
- the procedure and terms for the return of purchased but unused tickets, liability arising from the terms of return (soft block).

Agency agreement with the airline. In principle, some airlines consider as their agents all travel companies that have an agreement with them for a quota of seats. However, in its purest form, an agency agreement is work with stocks, i.e. when a travel company gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline ticket sales agency (both for its tourists and just selling), which simplifies and speeds up the procedures for booking and issuing travel passes documents. The travel company itself acts as the "ticket sales office" of the airline, that is, it issues tickets itself and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the booking network of this airline (for example, Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called "work with a stock of air tickets".

The airline, represented by this travel agency, has an additional point of sale (one of the conditions of the agency agreement is usually the preferential sale of tickets for this particular airline for tours)

The agency agreement with the airline provides for the following issues:

Who and under what conditions provides equipment for issuing air tickets, air ticket forms;
- training of personnel for the maintenance of this equipment;
- sales volumes are most often set individually - by the number of tickets per month (for example, at least 10/200 tickets per month) or by sales revenue (from 10 to 200 thousand US dollars or more per different airlines);
- limits of possible sales (regionally or by consumer segments);
- at what price tickets are sold - at the price of an airline or at the price of a travel agency (most often at the price of an airline);
- prices and tariffs for the sale of air tickets;
- terms of payment for air tickets prepayment or payment as they are sold (for stock agents in some airlines, prepayment is set for groups of tourists);
- the amount of commission for the sale of air tickets (up to 9% of the fare sold);
- the timing and regularity of submission of airline reports, their form and the documentation required in the application (usually 1 or 2 times a month);
- the amount of bank guarantees in favor of the airline or IATA (from USD 20,000);
- Membership in IATA.

Charter (aircraft rental). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer determines the route with the airline, the obligations of the parties are negotiated with him, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is clarified, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Type (brand) of the aircraft;
- number of places for sale;
- the cost of renting an aircraft;
- itinerary indicating the airports of departure and arrival;
- duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);
- regularity of flights;
- the possibility and deadlines for the cancellation (cancellation) of the flight and the corresponding sanctions

It should be noted that it is realistic to organize 20 races per season (with weekly flights). However, a charter can be launched with a frequency of 2 times a week - then the number of flights per season increases to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, but is not available for the absolute majority of travel companies. This explains the emergence of "intermediate" entrepreneurs in the tourist transportation market - wholesalers (wholesalers), consolidating large charters in their hands and distributing them in the future among smaller firms in the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats ). As a rule, the tour operator-wholesaler sells blocks of seats on his charter according to three proven options: hard, soft and combined blocks of seats.

A soft block, in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse their seats within a predetermined timeframe, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs later than the deadline, the customer will have to pay a fine. Usually, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

The rigid block provides for strict contractual obligations on the terms of sale and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the sum of the cost of two paired flights. At the same time, tariffs for the implementation of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the implementation of a soft block. In addition, with a contract for a hard block, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives the sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it.

Often, not one, but several tour operators act as the initiator of the charter program. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when renting an aircraft provide for its payment in accordance with the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight

Charter flights must not be in conflict with the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the obligations of the carrier to the passenger

All rules of air transportation in our country are regulated by the Air Code of the Russian Federation of March 19, 1977, as well as a number of international agreements. The main body coordinating air transportation in Russia is the Federal Air Transport Service (FSVT)

There are currently 315 airlines operating in the air transportation market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses for regular flights and carry 99% of the total volume of air passengers.

Carriage volumes are unevenly distributed between airlines Eighteen major airlines Russia is transported by about 75% of passengers, and the aircraft of eight or nine "supergiants" ferry up to 50% of Russian travelers. 94 scheduled airlines serve approximately 23% of passengers. And the remaining 276 airlines, performing, as a rule, one-time flights, account for about 1% of passenger traffic.

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian aviation business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia. The company, as a rule, has more than two times more customers than the second number - the production association Domodedovo Airlines

V Lately Russian airlines began to create aviation alliances. So, for example, in February 1998, two leading Russian airlines - Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines and Pulkovo - signed an agreement on strategic aviation alliance. In the same year, Aeroflot signed cooperation agreements with Uzbekistan Airways and Armenian Airlines.

At the end of 1997, the Russian airline "Transaero" and the Uzbek national carrier "Uzbekiston Havo Iullari" announced the merger and coordination of their activities in the air transportation market. The new aviation association was named "CIS-alliance". Transaero also has code-sharing agreements with the Czech company CSA on the Moscow-Karlovy Vary route and with the Latvian Air Baltic on the Moscow-Riga route. In February 1999, Transaero and Krasnoyarsk Airlines signed an agreement on the joint operation of the routes Moscow - Krasnoyarsk, Moscow - Norilsk and Moscow - Krasnoyarsk - Vladivostok