Characteristic features of the development of transport in Italy briefly. Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of Italy

In most major Italian cities, public transport is provided.– metro, tram and trolleybus lines (ATAC), as well as buses and suburban trains(COTRAL). Traffic routes are shown on special maps that can be purchased at press outlets, gas stations, railway stations and bus stations. To travel in municipal transport, you must purchase a ticket, which indicates the date and time of the start of the trip and the last transfer. You can use a tourist ticket, which gives you the right to unhindered movement in any form public transport during the day.

Enough popular mode of transport in Italy is a taxi. It can be simply stopped on the road or called by phone. Do not use the services of private carriers, as they significantly inflate prices. Licensed taxis are equipped with communications equipment and meters.

Water transport in Italy

In Italy you can enjoy water transport trips. For example, the airport can be reached by ships, owned by the company Cooperativa San Marco, while stopping at the Lido.

Bicycles, mopeds and scooters

In large city authorities promote cycling within the framework of the environmental protection program. In such cities, there are many bicycle rental points. Initially, they did not charge a fee for their use, but a little later it was introduced, but insignificant.

Besides, In Italy, riding mopeds or scooters is quite common.. They can also be rented. Organizations such as Scoot-a-Long, St. Peter's Moto or Happy Rent. When driving, be sure to wear a safety helmet.

Intercity transport in Italy

Travel from city to city in Italy most comfortable on company-owned trains Trenitalia. The train schedule is posted on the company's website. Please note that booking tickets on the website is not always convenient, as there is not always accurate information about availability.

It is best to use the ticket machines that are located on each railway station. When ordering travel document It is possible to choose a seat in the car.

The fastest and expensive trains are the "Red Arrow" (Frecciarossa) and the "Silver Arrow" (Frecciargento), whose travel time from to Florence is a little over an hour. If you travel along the same route on the trains of the Intercity company, then the travel time will be twice as long.

"Red Arrow" (Frecciarossa)

"Silver Arrow" (Frecciargento)

If there is a need for a trip with a transfer, then it is best to use the trains called " regionale". These trains usually carry a large number of people, they do not have toilets, and the tickets do not indicate the number of the car and the seat. The only advantage of "regionale" is the cost of travel in them. For example, in order to get to Napoli from Rome, you need to pay 10 euros for a ticket.

The most economical are night trips. For this, seated compartments for 6 people are provided.

If you need to get to Sicily or Sardinia, it is best to use the services of the local division of Alitalia - Air One. In this case, you will need to pay for a ticket about 50 euros in both directions.

Not very comfortable to ride to Italy with your own car, because in all major cities there is a parking problem, highways are predominantly paid and fuel is quite expensive. Please note that in some Italian cities in order to fight for the environment, the city authorities are forbidden to enter the city center by car without a special permit. However, in Sicily it makes sense to rent a car (cost about 300 euros for 7 days) to move freely on free mountain roads and stops on "wild" beaches.

To rent a car you need international driver's license, passport, which indicates the age (more than 25 years), and the required amount of money. Please note that drunk driving is punishable by significant fines or jail time.

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Transport

The most important branch of the sphere of circulation. The transportation of goods and labor power constitutes that part of the sphere of circulation which is the continuation of the process of production in the sphere of circulation.

In Italy, transport is developing along the same lines as in other European countries - in particular, the share of road transport is increasing, mainly due to the decrease in the share of rail transport. This is due to the fact that road transport is more mobile, requires less support services and minimizes transshipment operations, since it delivers the goods directly to the destination (capabilities that sea and rail transport do not have).

The difference between Italy is that here and in the domestic transport of goods, road transport has acquired an exceptionally high share, while the share of all other modes of transport has fallen to an extremely low level.

Such a deeply specific position in the transport of Italy is due to the special impact exerted on this branch by industry. The fact is that such sectors of Italian industry as the automotive, rubber, oil refining and building materials industries are developing most rapidly, developing most rapidly. Industries producing railway rolling stock are slowly developing their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and the monopolies operating in it managed without much difficulty to give the road direction to the development of Italian transport.

The development of maritime transport in Italy

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo. Among the branches of Italian transport, of great interest is navy, which is the largest international carrier and is essential for the development of Italian foreign trade. Across seaports passes 90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports. The Italian merchant fleet performs the most important economic functions. This is the main reason why the vast majority of it is under the control of the state.

In the 70s, the importance of maritime transport and maritime transport for the Italian economy and, first of all, for its foreign trade increased due to changes in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of total energy needs are met by the import of oil and gas). The shifts that have taken place in recent years in the structure of industry and foreign trade have caused changes in the Italian fleet in the ratio between different types of ships. The rapid development of the oil refining industry caused the rapid growth of the tank fleet. The decline in the importance of coal in the energy sector caused a decline in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, the American coal used in Italy is delivered, as a rule, on American ships.

Merchant Navy of Italy

The Italian merchant fleet in the post-war years has undergone significant quantitative and general structural changes. On the one hand, they were caused by the decommissioning of obsolete and heavily worn ships, and on the other hand, by the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and more modern ships. Changes in the composition and structure of the Italian merchant fleet for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.

Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And this can be seen not only in the level of well-being of its inhabitants, but also in the quality transport communication within the country, which is a necessary factor for the development of business and tourism.

Net highways well developed in Italy and evenly distributed throughout the country, although there is some predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not in any way affect the quality of road transport. Due to the dense road network, 80% of freight traffic and 90% passenger traffic carried out by cars.

If speak about external transportation, then it is dominated by sea ​​transport . There are more than a thousand ships in Italy and they perfectly cope with the largest cargoes and long distances.

Great demand for rail transportation. dense network railways links large and small cities of Italy. Like automobiles, many railways were laid right on the slopes of the mountains. This explains the large number of bridges and tunnels that are on any road in all parts of the country. Today, the Italian authorities are giving railway transport special attention, modernizing it and investing heavily in the repair of existing trains. Not only the technical equipment of railways is undergoing changes and improvements, but their total number is also increasing. This already today makes it possible to quickly and easily get to any city in Italy.

Sea transport also plays a large role in the country's external and internal transportation. This is due to the considerable length coastline, general position Italy on the sea route, as well as the presence of the islands that make up the country. 144 ports - so many of them are on the coast of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is known throughout the world. This port is the "sea gate" for the ships of the North-West of Italy and Switzerland. Trieste is the second port in terms of cargo turnover after Genoa. He sends ships to the countries of the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Thanks to the development in recent years of the petrochemical and oil refining industry in Italy, the turnover of two more major ports of the country, Taranto and Augusta, has also increased significantly. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of communications with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands.

Due to lack major rivers in Italy, river transport is poorly developed here. This cannot be said about civil aviation . There are many daily flights from Italy to the most different countries peace. The largest airports in the country are Rome's Leonardo da Vinci, Milan's Linate and Malpensa.

It is very important for Italy that all trade routes constantly function and be in the best condition, since the country's foreign economic relations largely depend on this. What does Italy import? First of all, products of machine-building industries, agricultural goods, shoes, clothing, industrial equipment and raw materials for various industries. Italy has the most active foreign trade with Germany and France. Hospitality this country serves more than 50 million tourists from all over the world per year, the entire infrastructure of Italy is ready to work for guests, so it ranks first in Western Europe according to the number of places in hotels.

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely well developed. Buses, taxis run in Italy, there is a subway, as well as a typical Italian water transport, which is represented by gondolas and river taxis. The latter are very popular with tourists who are happy to ride in a river taxi and, of course, in a gondola. The first can accommodate four people and, like a regular taxi, counts the footage. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand lira for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, the coastal fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the navy is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant fleet performs the most important economic functions. This is the main reason why the vast majority of it is under the control of the state.

Cars are also extremely popular in Italy. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the highways are in Northern Italy. 1/4 of all European highways (about 6 thousand km) are concentrated in Italy, including the world's oldest Milan-Varese highway, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international highways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passenger cars.

Rail transport could not stand the fight against such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, began to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence (“Direttissima”) high-speed railway has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

There are two metro lines in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, links the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to the EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini.

Milan Metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1 southbound near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie.

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely well developed. Traveling in Italy buses, Taxi, there is subway, as well as water transport characteristic of Italy, which is represented gondolas and river taxi. The latter are very popular with tourists who are happy to ride in a river taxi and, of course, in a gondola. The first can accommodate four people and, like a regular taxi, counts the footage. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand lira for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.

In Italy, whose borders are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo, marine coastal fleet. Among the sectors of Italian transport, the navy is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant fleet performs the most important economic functions. This is the main reason why the vast majority of it is under the control of the state.

Also extremely popular in Italy cars. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the highways are in Northern Italy. 1/4 of all European highways (about 6 thousand km) are concentrated in Italy, including the world's oldest Milan-Varese highway, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international highways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passenger cars.

Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, began to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence (“Direttissima”) high-speed railway has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

two branches Metro eat in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, links the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to the EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", with it you can ride both the bus and the metro during the day on any line.

Milan Metro considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1 southbound near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.