Indonesia is located between Southeast Asia and Australia and borders the Indian and Pacific oceans. The extreme points of Indonesia have the following coordinates: 6 o 08 "N, 11 o 15" S, 94 o 45" and 141 o 05" E. The "linear" dimensions of Indonesia are 5120 km. from east to west and 1760 km. from North to South. The land area occupied by Indonesia is 1919317 sq. km., the maritime spaces of Indonesia are 7.9 million square meters. km, or 81% of the total area of the country (in the official papers of the Indonesian government). The name "Indonesia" comes from the Greek word "Indos" meaning "Indian" and "nesos" meaning "islands". The group of islands that make up Indonesia is the largest in the world, with approximately 17,500 islands (other sources say 13,667 islands).
Islands of Indonesia
five most big islands Indonesia:
- New Guinea(the area of Irian Jaya - the Indonesian part of the island - is 421,981 sq. km.),
- Kalimantan (539,000 sq. km - Indonesian part of the island),
- Sumatra (435,000 sq. km),
- Sulawesi (170,000 sq. km),
- Java (126,000 km2)
Indonesia shares three islands with other states (Kalimantan with Malaysia and Brunei, New Guinea with papua new guinea, Timor with East Timor).
Geographers group the islands of Sumatra, Java (and Madura), Kalimantan (the old name of Borneo) and Sulawesi (the old name of Celebes) into the Greater Sunda Islands. These islands, with the exception of Sulawesi, lie on the Sunda Shelf, which is a continuation of the Malay Peninsula, and the Eurasian continent in general. New Guinea and the surrounding islands lie on the Sahul shelf. The depths in the zone of the Sunda and Sahul shelves do not exceed 200 m. Between these two shelves are Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara (or the Lesser Sunda Islands) and the Moluccas (or Moluccas). The seas surrounding them are very deep, depressions reach 4500 m. Sometimes the term Outer Islands is used - in this case, all the Indonesian islands are meant except for Java and Madura.
Nusa Tenggara consists of two chains of islands from Bali to New Guinea. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara is a continuation of a chain of mountains and volcanoes starting in Sumatra and going along the islands of Java, Bali, Flores and others to the Banda Islands. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara (the islands of Sumba and Timor) continues in geological terms a chain of islands to the west of Sumatra, such as Nias, Mentawai and Engano.
The Moluccas (or Moluccas) are geologically one of the most complex of the Indonesian islands. They are located in the northeastern sector of the archipelago between the Philippines in the north, New Guinea in the east and Nusa Tenggara in the south. plains.
It is believed that New Guinea was once part of the Australian continent. Separation from Australia was accompanied by tectonic processes and led, on the one hand, to the appearance of high mountain ranges in the center of the island, on the other hand, alluvial coastal plains. The mountains of New Guinea stretched from west to east to distance 650 km!
Relief of Indonesia
The territory of the country is predominantly mountainous. The highest peak in Indonesia - Puncak Jaya, 5039 m (Mandala?) - is located on the island of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) in the Sudirman Mountains. Other peaks with a height of 4700 to 5000 m are located in the Jayawijaya mountain range. The "highest" islands besides New Guinea: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Seram. The highest peaks in Indonesia (other than Puncak Jaya):
- Leuser and Kerinci (Sumatra island),
- Gede, Tangkubanperau, Chiremai, Kavi, Kelud, Semeru, Raung (Java Island),
- Lampobatang and Rantekombala (Sulawesi Island),
- Batur and Agung (Bali),
- Rinjani (Lombok island),
- Tambora (Sumbawa Island).
Volcanoes and eruptions in Indonesia
In tectonic terms, Indonesia is a very unstable territory. However, volcanic eruptions bring their benefits - volcanic ash makes the soil fertile. There are about 400 volcanoes in Indonesia, of which 100 are active. Between 1972 and 1991 29 volcanic eruptions have been recorded, mostly in Java. The most powerful volcanic eruptions in Indonesia over the past 200 years are as follows. In 1815, the Tambora volcano on the northern coast of Sumbawa erupted, killing 92,000 people and changing the climate in many places. globe(there was a year "without summer"). In 1883, the famous volcanic eruption of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait occurred, 36,000 inhabitants of West Java died from the rising wave. The sound from the eruption was said to have been heard over a vast territory - as far as Turkey and Japan (hard to believe). Krakatau erupted again two more times - in the late 1970s.
Rivers and lakes in Indonesia
Indonesia has many rivers. The largest of them: Musi, Batangari, Indragiri, Kampar (on the island of Sumatra), Kapuas, Barito, Mahakam, Rejang (on the island of Kalimantan), Memberamo, Digul (on the island of New Guinea). In Java, rivers play a big role in irrigation - Bengawan Solo, Chitarum, Brantas.
The largest and most famous lakes in Indonesia: Toba, Maninjau, Singkarak (Sumatra Island), Tempe, Tovuti, Sidenreng, Poso, Limboto, Tondano, Matana (Sulawesi Island), Paniai, Sentani (Irian Jaya).
Climate of Indonesia
The climate of Indonesia is tropical, which is determined by the position of the country near the equator. The temperature at low altitudes is almost constant and ranges from 21 to 33 degrees, mainly depending on the time of day. Temperatures are lower in the mountains. But the main indicator of Indonesia's climate is not temperature, but precipitation. Theoretically, two periods are distinguished in the year - dry and wet, depending on the influence of the two main monsoons (prevailing wind directions). However, in many places it is difficult to distinguish seasons, dry and wet weather alternate spontaneously. In a general approximation for most of the country from November-December to March-April lasts wet season(monsoon blows from the northwest), from May-June to September-October - dry (monsoon comes from the south and east, i.e. from Australia). However, for North Sumatra and for the northern and central parts of the Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Buru), the picture is directly opposite. The picture is even more complicated if we take into account the many local microclimates that are characteristic of a particular area in Indonesia.
Big influence temperature distribution is affected by altitude. In general, the temperature drops by about 1 deg. for every 100 m of ascent. The highest peaks in Indonesia are subject to night frosts, and some mountains of Irian Jai are permanently covered with snow.
The least amount of precipitation falls on the islands of the Nusa Tenggara group, located between Australia and Java.
The air in Indonesia is humid, with relative humidity fluctuating between 70 and 90%. Typhoons and severe storms are not typical for the Indonesian seas.
The length of daylight hours in Indonesia is almost the same throughout the year. The difference between the shortest and longest day is 48 minutes.
Flora and fauna of Indonesia
The vegetation of Indonesia is extremely rich. One of the most famous plants is rafflesia. Rafflesia arnoldi (Rafflesia arnoldi) is the largest flower in the world, its diameter is about 1 m. This type of rafflesia can be found in some places in Sumatra. gigantic sizes also reaches the inflorescence of the plant amorphophallus (Amorphophallus tatinum), also growing in Sumatra. Carnivorous plants of nepenthes, and many species, are characteristic of the western islands of Indonesia. There are many types of orchids growing in the forests, from the giant tiger orchid Grammatophyllum s peciosum to the tiny leafless Taeniophyllum, which is used by the locals to make medicines. The rainforest is also favorable for a huge number of mushrooms, some of which surprise with unusual properties (for example, they glow in the dark). The Indonesian flora is replete with woody plants.
The fauna of Indonesia is no less rich. The Wallace Line divides Indonesia into two different faunal areas. Animals of Asian origin live in the western part, Australian ones live in the eastern part. The largest and most remarkable animals of Indonesia: orangutans (found in Sumatra and Kalimantan), tigers (Sumatra), elephants (Sumatra and Kalimantan), rhinos (Sumatra and Java), babirusses (Sulawesi), proboscis monkeys (Sulawesi), hornbills. New Guinea and adjacent islands are home to marsupials, birds of paradise, cockatoos and other interesting animals. In Indonesia, measures are being taken to conserve animals and plants, National parks. November 5 of each year is National Flora and Fauna Day in Indonesia. The Komodo giant monitor lizard (Varanus komodoensis) has been declared the national animal.
Minerals of Indonesia
In the bowels of Indonesia there are significant reserves of minerals. The country occupies a leading position in the South and South-East Asia in terms of reserves (2.5-3 billion tons) and oil production, in terms of natural gas production, it ranks sixth in the world, and in terms of its exports - in first place. In terms of tin mining, Indonesia ranks second in the world, and fourth in nickel mining. The country has large reserves of coal, copper, uranium ore. Bauxites, gold, silver, diamonds are mined. The largest oil reserves are concentrated on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Brief information about Indonesia
Full country name: Republic of Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia).
Capital: Jakarta (10 800 000 people)
Population: approximately 238,000,000 (fourth largest in the world). Most Indonesians live on the five largest islands (Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, New Guinea) and thirty smaller islands. 70% of Indonesian population lives in Java.
Territorial division: 27 provinces.
Flag: two identical horizontal stripes - red over white.
National holiday: August 17th.
Education: compulsory until the age of 12 (not always observed). Literacy 77% (approximately 1990)
Religion: Muslims - 87%, Christians - 9% (6% Catholics, mainly in East Timor, 3% Protestants), Hindus - 2% (mainly in Bali), Buddhists - less than 1% (mainly Chinese).
Language. There are over 300 languages in Indonesia. The official language is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), very similar to Malay.
Art. It plays an important role in the Malayo-Indonesian culture, its forms are based on folklore and religion. Indonesians express themselves very talentedly in embroidery, woodwork, metal, clay and stone. In Indonesia, you can see amazing national dances, theatrical performances and performances of musicians. Batik making (dyeing fabric by applying wax and then knitting knots) is practiced throughout Indonesia. Another form of Indonesian fabric work is ikat (ikat) - spinning with threads dyed in the "knot way". Songket (songket) - silver and gold embroidery on silk. Kris (kris) - a set of artistic crafts using jewelry. Wayang puppet theater (wayang) and gamelan (gamelan, musicians play drums, gongs and xylophones) are also very popular in Indonesia.
Economy. Main products/production: oil, gas, textiles, timber, coffee, tea, rubber, coal, tin, copper, rice, pepper, palm oil, nickel. Main trading partners: Japan, USA, Singapore.
Time Zones. In Indonesia, since January 1, 1988, three time zones have been established.
1. Sumatra, Java, West and Central Kalimantan: Moscow time + 4 hours "winter", + 3 hours "summer".
2. East and South Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, Nusatengara: Moscow time+ 5 hours "winter", + 4 hours "summer".
3. Maluku Islands and West Papua(Irian Jaya): Moscow time + 6 hours "winter", + 5 hours "summer".
Information collected by A. Alyakrinsky from various foreign sources, 2008-01
news
Indonesia is the world's largest Island state, which occupies the 6th place in terms of area among largest countries Asia. In total, official statistics include 17,804 islands in Indonesia, of which 7,870 are named and 9,634 are unnamed, of which about 6,000 are inhabited: 5 main and 30 small archipelagos. The largest islands are New Guinea, Kalimantan (Borneo), Sumatra, Sulawesi (Celebes) and Java. The rest of the islands are much smaller. The country stretches for 5120 km between the Asian mainland and Australia.
Area: total - 1.919.440 km2; land - 1.826.440 km2; water - 93.000 sq. km. The total length of the land border: 2830 km, of which with Malaysia - 1782 km, with Papua New Guinea - 820 km, with East Timor - 228 km. Coastline: 54.716 km. The most high point Indonesia - Puncak Jaya 5.030 m.
From the north, Indonesia is washed by South China Sea, in the south and west - Indian Ocean, from the east - by the Pacific Ocean. The relief of the main islands is mostly mountainous, while the coastal areas are occupied by plains. In the west of the island of Sumatra, the Barisan Mountains are located, the highest point of which is the Kerinchi volcano (3800 m), while the eastern part is a swampy plain, where the largest tropical swamp in the world is located. Along the entire island of Java there are numerous volcanoes, the highest is Semeru (3676 m). The island of Kalimantan is flat on the outskirts, and in the center there are ancient mountains, with elevations up to 4000 m, in the south there is a swampy lowland. The island of Sulawesi is dominated by young mountains with steep slopes. On the island of New Guinea is the highest point in the country - Mount Jaya (5040 m). On the small islands major volcanoes stand out Rinjani (3726 m) in the north of the island of Lombok and Agun (3148 m) - on the island of Bali.
There are many rivers in Indonesia that are full of water throughout the year. On the island of Sumatra flow the rivers Hari (800 km), Musi, Kampar, Rokan and Siak, on the island of Kalimantan - Kapuas (1040 km), Mahakam, Martapura and Barito. Due to sufficient moisture in the country a large number of lakes and swamps. Most big lake located in the north of the island of Sumatra - Lake Toba, with an area of 1775 sq. km.
The region belongs to the Pacific Ring of Fire - out of 500 volcanoes located here, about 200 are active. The most famous volcanoes are Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait and Tambora on the island of Sumbawa. In 1883, as a result of the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, an entire island was destroyed and tens of thousands of people died. Now in its place is the island of Anak Krakatoa (son of Krakatoa). The eruption of Mount Tambor in 1815 is considered the most powerful on Earth in the last 500 years.
Band of active and extinct volcanoes stretched like a ridge along the western coast of Sumatra. It continues on Java islands, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and then meanders through the Banda Islands (part of the Maluk Islands) to northeast Sulawesi. About 10% of the entire territory is suitable for agriculture, while two-thirds are forests and deep swamps (mainly in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya). Indonesia is located in the most seismically active zone of the planet and is part of the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire. Every year, up to 7,000 earthquakes with a magnitude above 4 are recorded in the region.
Geological structure of Indonesia
Indonesia is located at the junction of three planetary orogenic belts: the eastern margin of the Mediterranean, Western Pacific and Circum-Australian (Melanesian). In terms of its geological structure, most of the territory of Indonesia belongs to the area of young Cenozoic tectogenesis; the northeastern part of the island of Sumatra and the nearby islands, as well as the southwestern part of the island of Kalimantan, belong to the Mesozoic region, central part the islands of New Guinea (West Irian) and the island of Aru - to the pre-Mesozoic, and the south of New Guinea - to the Precambrian folding. Characteristic elements of the modern geological structure of Indonesia are island arcs and associated deep ocean trenches. The geological structure of Indonesia includes metamorphic rocks of the Permo-Carboniferous, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene-Neogene effusive-sedimentary deposits of various compositions, as well as Quaternary volcanic formations. Intrusive rocks of acidic, basic, and ultrabasic composition are of Paleozoic and mainly Mesozoic and Cenozoic age.
Minerals of Indonesia
Large deposits of oil and gas, hard and brown coal, iron ores, copper, nickel, tin, bauxite, and sulfur are known on the territory of Indonesia. There are medium and small deposits of ores of manganese, chromium, lead and zinc, gold, silver, molybdenum, diamonds, phosphorites, various refractory and building materials (limestone, dolomite, marl, quartz sand, clay, pumice, asbestos).
Indonesia occupies a leading position in Southeast Asia in terms of oil and gas reserves. The largest number of deposits was discovered in the basins of the Central, South and North Sumatran, North Yavan, East Kalimantan and Vogelkop (New Guinea), tectonically confined to the Cenozoic marginal and intrafold troughs.
Coal reserves are concentrated in the Ombilin basin in West Sumatra, Bukitasem in South Sumatra and Mahakam in eastern Kalimantan. Coal deposits are associated with Paleogene and Neogene deposits. Of great economic importance are Paleogene coals, represented by coking and subbituminous varieties with high calorific value. The main reserves of iron ore in Indonesia are contained in the deposits of ferruginous laterites, but they are classified as "potential" (off-balance), due to the complexity of enrichment and processing of laterite ores. Ferruginous laterites are located in Cenozoic weathering crusts on sheets of ultramafic rocks in southeast Kalimantan, on the islands of Sebuku, Suwangi and Danavan, in eastern Sulawesi. In addition to iron, sufficient concentrations of nickel, cobalt, and platinum are associated with them. The largest of these deposits is Larona on the island of Sulawesi.
Deposits of manganese ores are known in the volcanogenic-sedimentary strata of the Miocene on the islands of Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and others. Deposits on the island of Java, where manganese ores are represented by pyrolusite and wad, are of the greatest practical importance. The aluminum ores of Indonesia are represented by bauxites, which are associated with lateritic weathering crusts formed in the Late Cenozoic in a humid tropical climate, on contact metamorphosed sedimentary aluminosilicate rocks (clay shales and sandstones transformed into various hornfelses), as well as on nepheline syenites and andesites. The main reserves of high-grade bauxite are concentrated on the islands of Bintan and Kojan of the Riau archipelago. There are 3 known deposits on Bintan Island: Kijang, Tanjung Pinang and Sungei Kelan.
Reserves of ores of precious metals (gold and silver) are not determined. The main part of gold deposits is located on the island of Sumatra. Deposits of gold ores in Indonesia belong to 3 genetic groups: volcanogenic-hydrothermal, skarn, alluvial. The most widespread and economically promising near-surface hydrothermal gold-silver deposits (Lebong-Donok, Simau, Tambang-Sawah, Salida, Mangani), associated with the belt of Paleogene-Neogene volcanogenic formations, stretching along Sumatra through Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands for a distance of up to 4000 km.
Deposits of copper ores in Indonesia are mostly complex; in addition to copper, they contain iron, gold, silver. Of the copper ore deposits, the largest is Ertsberg, located at an altitude of 3700 m in the inaccessible mountains of the central part of Irian Jaya. Reserves of molybdenum ores have not been calculated. Small deposits have been established on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Belitung and in Irian Jai. The deposits of West Kalimantan - Bawang and Benual are of industrial value. Deposits of nickel and cobalt ores are associated with the lateritic weathering crust of ultramafic and intrusive mafic rocks. In terms of tin ore reserves, the country ranks first in the world. The main source of tin is placers concentrated on the islands of Banka, Belitung, Sinkep and their shelf zone. These islands are located within the most productive part of the richest Burmese-Malay tin belt.
Industrial raw materials are represented by diamonds. Diamond deposits are known only on the island of Kalimantan. Non-metallic building materials are represented by kaolin, limestone, dolomite, marl, etc.
Climate of Indonesia
Being on both sides of the equator, Indonesia has a fairly uniform climate - hot. During the rainy season it is hot and damp (October-April) and during the dry season it is hot and dry (May-September). Temperatures rise to 31 degrees Celsius in coastal areas, dropping inland.
In Indonesia, equatorial and subequatorial maritime climates are distinguished. On the southern and eastern islands in a year, in a subequatorial climate, two seasons are distinguished: rainy (from November to February) and dry (from March to October). The rainy season is characterized by short morning or night thunderstorms. This part of the archipelago is the hottest: on the island of Bali, the daytime temperature in March can reach +34 degrees, in July it stays at +30 degrees, at night hours throughout the year - not lower than +23 degrees.
It is worth noting that Indonesia is quite humid: during the rainy season, relative humidity reaches 90%, and the rest of the year - 80%. In general, about 3000 mm of precipitation falls here annually, and most of all - in the foothills. In the south of the island of Sulawesi, more than 700 mm of precipitation is recorded in January, while in August - only 15 mm. For more northern islands Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with about 200-300 mm falling monthly. In the flat regions of these islands all year round in the daytime, the air warms up to +28..+30 degrees, in the mountains it is a little cooler - about +20 degrees, and at night there are sometimes frosts. Coastal waters in all areas have a temperature of at least +26 degrees.
Flora and fauna of Indonesia
The rich natural environment of Indonesia favors a variety of fauna and flora. In Indonesia, the mountain slopes in the upper tier are covered with mixed and coniferous forests, a little lower - with tropical rainforests, in which trees up to 50 m high are found. Forests of palm trees and ficuses predominate on the plains, and ferns grow in the undergrowth. In areas where there is not much rainfall, there are casuarina (“red”) trees and bamboo. On the southern islands you can see Australian vegetation, for example, eucalyptus is common here. On the coasts in wetlands, mangroves predominate, while casuarina and coconut palms grow on the sandy coasts. Rafflesia is also found on the territory of the archipelago - the largest flower in the world (up to 1 meter in diameter) of bright orange color. In the south, there are patches of savannas, along the coasts - mangroves.
Asian animals live on the western islands - elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, orangutan, and on east island New Guinea - marsupials (echidnas, couscous, tree kangaroo). There are many endemic animals in Indonesia: on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan - the Malayan bear, on Java and Kalimantan - a wild bull, on Sulawesi - a babirus (wild pig). Snakes, crocodiles and lizards are found in tropical forests, on Komodo Island you can meet a giant lizard - Komodo monitor lizard. Of the birds that live here Paradise Bird, hornbill, cassowary, various parrots. Anchovies, gobies, flying fish, sardines, mackerel, tuna, sharks, stingrays and dolphins are found in the waters washing the archipelago, sometimes sawfish, swordfish and barracuda swim, and in the waters near the island of Bali - sea turtles. Indonesia has many nature reserves and national parks- Gunung-Leser, Komodo-Padar-Rinko, Ujung-Kulon, etc. On the islands of Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra there are reserves and special parks created to protect special areas, for example, Komodo, the habitat of the Komodo dragon.
Rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate, especially in Kalimantan, where they are being cut down furiously for the strong and hard wood of tropical trees. A significant part of the virgin forests is brought under the page - x. land (especially on the island of Java). In the west of Java, in the city of Bogor, there is a world-famous botanical garden, which presents the most diverse forms of equatorial flora.
Population of Indonesia
As part of the indigenous population, a large number of nationalities stand out - 45% Javanese, 14% Sundi, 8% Madura, there are also Minangkabau, Bataks, Acehnese, Malays, Dayaks, Boogies, Balinese and Papuan peoples, gayos and alases live in mountainous areas. In addition, Chinese, Arabs and Indians live in Indonesia.
The official language of Indonesia is "Bahasa Indonesia" or simply Indonesian, which was formed on the basis of the Malay language. V different corners more than 700 dialects are used in the archipelago. English is widely spoken in the resorts.
Indonesia. Sights of Indonesia: list, description
The Republic of Indonesia is a state in Southeast Asia, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the western part of the island. New Guinea (Irian Jaya). It borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea. Indonesia consists of 18,108 islands, of which about 1,000 have a permanent population.
More than half of the territory of Indonesia is occupied by mountains. The highest point in the country - Mount Jaya (5029 m) is located on the island of New Guinea. In total, there are about 400 volcanoes, of which 80 are active. There are especially many volcanoes on the island of Java, and the highest of active volcanoes, Kerinchi (height - 3800 m), located in Sumatra.
Territory of Indonesia: 1904.5 thousand, km2 (with East Timor)
Indonesian population: 193.75 million people
Capital: Jakarta (more than 10 million inhabitants).
Other major city: Surabaya (more than 2 million inhabitants).
highest point: Punkak Jaya (5030 m).
Official language: Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia).
Mr. religions: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism.
Currency unit: Indonesian rupiah.
State. Indonesia system: parliamentary republic.
Head of State of Indonesia: president, elected for a term of 5 years.
Legislature: People's Consultative Congress (every 5 years elects a president);
Administrative-territorial division- 25 provinces, the capital and "special region" - Yogyakarta (27 in total).
Export: oil and oil products, agricultural products, manufactured goods.
Import: industrial products, consumer goods.
Trading partners: Japan, USA, Singapore, Netherlands.
GNP per capita:$980 USA.
National Day of Indonesia: August 17 Independence Day (1945)
Borders: in the north with Malaysia (on the island of Kalimantan), in the east with Papua New Guinea (on the island of New Guinea), in the north it is washed by the waters of the Sulawesi Sea and the Pacific Ocean, in the south of the Arafura Sea, in the west of the Indian Ocean.
Short story
The formation of state formations on the territory of Indonesia took place already in the 1st-3rd centuries AD. e., however, the existence of the first states, whose names are known to science for certain - Kutai in eastern Kalimantan and Taruma in western Java, refers only to the 4th century. The first state whose territory spread over several islands was Srivijaya, founded on southern Sumatra at the end of the 7th century: having existed until the end of the 14th century, it controlled the entire territory of Sumatra, most of Java and the Malacca Peninsula during periods of its maximum power. These and other states that existed on the territory of Indonesia in the 4th-13th centuries experienced a strong cultural influence of India, the dominant religion in most of them was Hinduism. At the same time, Buddhism also developed significantly: it, in particular, was the state religion of the East Javanese principality of Mataram.
The largest, most powerful and socio-economically developed state of the pre-colonial period was the Majapahit empire, founded in 1293 in the eastern part of the island of Java. By the end of the 14th century, the territory or vassal possessions of Majapahit included most of the territory of present-day Indonesia. In the XIII century, an active spread of Islam began, penetrating mainly from the Malay Peninsula and from east coast India. By the end of the 16th century, Islam had become the dominant religion in most of Indonesia, although in many regions there were pockets of Buddhism and Hinduism, as well as traditional local beliefs, the bearers of which, as a rule, coexisted quite without conflict with Muslims.
In the 19th - first half of the 20th century. the territory of Indonesia was a Dutch colony, which was called the Netherlands (or Dutch) East Indies. On August 17, 1945, the forces of the national liberation movement of Indonesia proclaimed the independence of their country. The official transfer of sovereignty over most of the Netherlands East Indies occurred on December 27, 1949. The territory of the province of Irian Jaya on about. New Guinea (called Dutch New Guinea by the Dutch and West Irian by the Indonesians) was under the control of the Netherlands until 1962. In 1963, after a short stay under the trusteeship of the UN, this territory came under the control of the Indonesian authorities, and in 1969 it was included by law in composition of Indonesia. In 1975, Indonesia sent troops to East Timor ( former colony Portugal in the northeastern part of the island. Timor), and in 1976 declared it a province.
Indonesia is a member of the UN and all specialized agencies of this organization, OPEC.
Geography
Indonesia is located between Southeast Asia and Australia and borders the Indian and Pacific oceans. The extreme points of Indonesia have the following coordinates: 6o08′ N, 11o15′ S, 94o45′ and 141o05′ E. The "linear" dimensions of Indonesia are 5120 km. from east to west and 1760 km. from North to South. The land area occupied by Indonesia is 1919317 sq. km., the maritime spaces of Indonesia are 7.9 million square meters. km, or 81% of the total area of the country (in the official papers of the Indonesian government). The name "Indonesia" comes from the Greek word "Indos" meaning "Indian" and "nesos" meaning "islands". The group of islands that make up Indonesia is the largest in the world and has approximately 17,500 islands (according to other sources - 13,667 islands).
Relief of Indonesia
The territory of the country is predominantly mountainous. Indonesia's highest peak, Puncak Jaya, 5039 m, is located on the island of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) in the Sudirman Mountains. Other peaks with a height of 4700 to 5000 m are located in the Jayawijaya mountain range.
The "highest" islands besides New Guinea: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Seram.
The highest peaks in Indonesia (other than Puncak Jaya):
- Leuser and Kerinci (Sumatra)
- Gede, Tangkubanperau, Chiremai, Kavi, Kelud, Semeru, Raung (Java Island)
- Lampobatang and Rantekombala (Sulawesi Island)
- Batur and Agung (Bali)
- Rinjani (Lombok Island)
- Tambora (Sumbawa Island).
Volcanoes and eruptions in Indonesia
In tectonic terms, Indonesia is a very unstable territory. However, volcanic eruptions bring their benefits - volcanic ash makes the soil fertile. There are about 400 volcanoes in Indonesia, of which 100 are active. Between 1972 and 1991 29 volcanic eruptions have been recorded, mostly in Java. The most powerful volcanic eruptions in Indonesia over the past 200 years are as follows. In 1815, the Tambora volcano on the northern coast of Sumbawa erupted, killing 92,000 people and changing the climate in many places on the globe (it was a “no summer” year). In 1883, the famous volcanic eruption of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait occurred, 36,000 inhabitants of West Java died from the rising wave. The sound from the eruption was said to have been heard over a vast territory - as far as Turkey and Japan (hard to believe). Krakatoa erupted again two more times - in the late 1970s.
Climate
The climate in Indonesia is equatorial (the equator crosses the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and the Moluccas) and subtropical monsoon. But these climatic characteristics are softened by the influence of the sea. The dry season is never dry in the full sense of the word. The exception is the territories located in the neighborhood of Australia. The rainy season is less regular and monotonous than in India. When the east monsoon blows (April - October), the dry season begins, which is most loved by tourists. The Western Monsoon (November-March) brings rain.
But everything is relative: there are almost as many types of climate in Indonesia as there are islands. On the same island, on one slope there may be a rainy season, on another at the same time a dry season. The situation may change if the wind changes direction. The ideal time to visit Indonesia is our northern summer, but, for example, the Mollukki Islands have the worst weather (storms and storms) at this time of the year. In addition, the amount of rainfall depends on the forests. The larger the area of forests, as in Sumatra and Borneo, the more often it rains. 4 m of precipitation per year is a record for Pontianak and Padang.
Population
97% of Indonesians are more than 150 close peoples who speak more than 1000 different languages and dialects (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Bataks, Malays, Balinese, etc.). Many tribes still do not know agriculture and live mainly by hunting (for example, the Papuans of New Guinea). There are also Chinese, Arabs, immigrants from South Asia. Indonesia is the world's largest Islamic State. The majority of believers are Muslims, ch. arr. Sunnis (87.2%), there are Christians (9.6%), Hindus (mainly in Bali), Buddhists, Confucians; preserved traditional local beliefs. 2/3 of the population lives on the islands of Java and Madura. In some areas of the island of Java, the density of the rural population reaches 2,500 people per 1 sq. km (the highest value in the world for rural areas). 78% of the population lives in rural areas.
The country's economy Indonesia is an industrial-agrarian country with the largest plantation economy in Asia and a developed mining industry. Gross national product per capita fell in 1995 from $980 to $580.
The fall of the rupee in late 1997 and early 1998 led to a 13.7% decline in the Gross Product. Indonesia has rich deposits of various minerals: high-quality oil, tin, bauxite, nickel, manganese, lead, copper, zinc, chromium. Tin deposits have been found on the islands of Banka, Belitung, Sinkep and the southwestern regions of Kalimantan. Nickel deposits have been found on the island of Sulawesi, Halmahera, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya.
Manganese deposits are located in central regions Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Timor. Copper ore has been explored in the Jayavijzya mountains (Irian Jaya province).
The islands of Riau, Banka, Sinkei and Kalimantan have bauxite deposits; coal is mined in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Deposits of gold, iron, silver, sulfates have been explored. Large oil fields consistently provide raw materials for the national energy system.
The main sector of the national economy, light industry, operates on imported raw materials. Yarn factories are owned by foreign companies or the state, while companies selling finished fabrics are concentrated in Bandung and are owned by private capital.
Batik is an Indonesian variant of printed textiles that takes place in the central regions of Java. Although most batik is produced at home, there are many industrial fabric manufacturing enterprises.
Traditional crafts are also preserved in the country: the production of batik (both industrial and handicraft), chased silverware, ceramic dishes, artistic bone carving, weaving of mats, hats, and much more). Foreign tourism is of great importance
culture
The modern culture of Indonesia is the result of the interaction of the traditions of different peoples who live in this country. In addition, a significant effect
Indonesian culture was influenced by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists.
In everyday life, Indonesians are guided by the principles of mutual assistance ("gotong royong") and exchange of opinion ("musyawarah"), which helps to come to an agreement ("mufakat").
Indonesian art is under a very strong religious influence. The traditions of the famous dance dramas of Java and Bali date back to Hindu mythology (influence of the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata can be seen in them).
In Indonesia, we recommend that tourists definitely see the local festivals, which are held everywhere and almost every month. The largest of them are the Galungan festival in Bali, performances of the "Ramayana ballet" in Java, the Feast of Silence in Bali, the Vesak Buddhist festival in Borobudur, the Easter parade on Larantuka island.
Holidays, events, festivals in Indonesia
Due to the huge diversity of ethnic groups and the mixture of religions, Indonesia naturally has a huge number of cultural events taking place throughout the year. Many local holidays are no less colorful than big state events, so even in the absence of any official festivals, you can always get acquainted with many interesting folk traditions.
The main holidays in Bali Galungan festival(the date is not fixed, it takes place within 10 days), the spring festival in the temple of Pura-Besakih, Nyepi, or the Feast of Silence - is accompanied by many independent ceremonies: the purification of the temple deities Melasti, the expulsion of evil spirits Pengrupuk, Ngembak-Nyepi (Forgiveness Sunday), etc. Also of interest are the Pura Meru ceremonial festival, the famous Full Moon Festival at the temple in Chakranegara (June), the Perang-Ketupat rain festival (October-December), the Pujavali celebration and many others. And at the same time, one of the most important holidays is Hari-Nyepi, the Balinese New Year(the date is determined according to the Saka calendar, usually March) - it passes very quietly. On this day, from 6.00 to 6.00 the next day, it is not customary to leave the house and generally make noise - almost all establishments are closed, the streets are empty and almost all life freezes - locals celebrate this holiday with fasting and meditation.
Independence Day(August 17) is celebrated with great pomp in every town and village, especially in Jakarta, accompanied by numerous carnivals and cultural events. The Jakarta Fair is held in June and lasts approximately three weeks. It is also worth visiting colorful and vibrant events - the Jalan-Jaksa Street Fair (August) and the International Cultural Performance (May). Theatrical performances are held on Sumba in February and March, returning to the era of civil war.
In Java, the performances of the traditional "Ballet Ramayana", usually held in the open theater of the Prambanan temple complex twice a month from May to September. Madura Island hosts the well-known bull races (August-September), ending with a colorful final run in
Pamekasane(September). You should definitely visit the four-day Buddhist festival Vesak in Borobudur, which is celebrated in honor of the Buddha's enlightenment.
Indonesian cuisine
Taking into account the ethno-cultural diversity of the country, its National cuisine in fact, it is a combination of cuisines from different regions, which have their own significant characteristics. At the same time, some dishes, originally specific to a certain area, have gained nationwide popularity. The culinary traditions of the peoples of Indonesia were formed under the active influence of the corresponding traditions of neighboring Asian peoples: the most noticeable in this regard is the influence of Chinese cuisine.
Rice is the main carbohydrate food almost everywhere; in some regions, corn, cassava, and sweet potato occupy a significant place in the diet. Traditionally, the food of most Indonesians is boiled or fried rice with various additives - as a rule, chicken, meat, seafood, tempeh, fresh or soaked vegetables appear in this capacity, which are either cooked with rice or served as a side dish (in this In the case of additives, they are called lauk-pauk - indon. lauk-pauk). The most common of these dishes is nasi goreng (Indon. nasi goreng, literally - "fried rice") - a kind of pilaf filled with almost any product. The most important ceremonial dish in many regions is tumpeng, a rice-shaped pyramid surrounded by various side dishes.
In Java and in some other regions, soups have become widespread - usually from chicken and offal. Krupuk is produced and consumed everywhere - chips made from starch, cereal, shrimp, fish or other flour. Various vegetables are consumed in fairly large quantities, taking into account regional agricultural specifics. In Java, gado-gado is very popular - a mixture of various vegetables, filled with peanut sauce. Tropical fruits are a common delicacy.
Spices and spices are widely used in food - primarily various types of pepper - as well as soy and peanut sauces. Both tea, which is drunk both hot and cold, and coffee are very popular. Alcohol is not widely distributed, especially considering that the majority of Indonesians belong to the Muslim confession. However, in a number of regions, traditional local spirits are produced, among which tuaka is especially popular.
Sights of Indonesia
1. City of Jakarta
The largest city in Indonesia, the capital. Located on the island of Java. Modern, densely populated, with high-rise buildings. Jakarta has the largest skyscraper in all of Indonesia. The city has about 20 major attractions: museums, a zoo, a planetarium. Here you can find many hotels of different levels of comfort.
2. City of Ubud
A city with traditional Indonesian architecture, located in the heart of Bali. It is considered its cultural capital. There are many different objects of interest to tourists in and around it. It is famous, among other things, for the widest range of spa services.
3. Java Island
Island of jungle and volcanoes. The most populous island in the world. It has rich history, traditions, many monuments. On it stands the main cultural attraction of Indonesia - the temple of Borobudur.
4. Bali Island
Tropical island with beautiful scenery and excellent service. There are hotels in Bali for every budget. Offers exceptional beach holiday and practice opportunities water sports sports. The traditional culture and crafts of the island are actively developing and give tourists the opportunity to get acquainted with all their diversity.
5. Monkey Forest in Ubud
The main attraction of the city. A reserve among the jungle, where monkeys live and move freely (about 600 individuals). The park has a temple, sculptures and paths. Tourists get the opportunity to be one on one with nature and its nimble inhabitants.
6. Rice terraces in Bali (Jati Luvi)
In the very center of the island there are rice fields where the popular cereal is grown in the traditional way, the old fashioned way. Here you can see the fields themselves, Mount Batukara and the temple of the same name. Opportunity to get acquainted with traditional Indonesian landscapes and slang culture.
7. Borobudur
Monumental Buddhist temple complex on the island of Java. An object world heritage protected by UNESCO. ancient monument, many hundreds of years lain under the ashes. Opened by restorers in late XIX century. Place of mass pilgrimage. It has the greatest artistic value.
8. Prambanan
Temple complex in Java. Erected in the 10th century, restored in the 19th century. World heritage monument. The restored buildings are grandiose in height and carved stone decor, visible from afar. Decorated in a traditional Buddhist and Hindu temple style.
9. Elephant Cave (Goa Gaja)
Big Cave in Bali, one of the most famous tourist sites of the island. Contains many grottoes (about 15). The walls are decorated with carvings depicting elephants and mythical creatures. Probably, earlier it was of a religious nature and was a place of pilgrimage.
10. Bat Cave (Goa Lawah)
The cave is located in one of the six main temples of Bali - Goa Lawah. A whole community of bats lives in it, which every day, at sunset, fly out of the cave together. The tour should be planned for this time.
11. national park Komodo
A group of islands united in nature Park. The main attraction is the mysterious monitor lizards roaming there. huge lizards,
Komodo dragons, saved from extinction and protected. During the tour you can observe them and other representatives of the local fauna.
12. Ujung-Kulon
Java Island National Park. It preserves the nature of the island in its original form and allows tourists to admire the rare Indonesian landscapes, untouched by man. The park is home to rare and endangered animals.
13. Bali Barat
National park in Bali. Inhabitants of land and coastal waters are protected and represent a wide variety of species. Almost the entire territory of the park is closed to tourists. When visiting the open area, you can go snorkeling and see rare marine life in the region.
14. Pura Tanah Lot Temple
Hindu temple, located very close to the coast of Bali. The building of traditional architecture is built on a small island and is considered a cultural symbol of Indonesia. Steps leading to the temple are carved into the rock. At low tide, the island is connected to the land by a narrow shoal. Tourists are not allowed into the temple, only believers.
15. Pura Besakih Temple
The main religious building of the island of Bali. Located in the mountains, at the highest point of the island. The surrounding nature and buildings make up a unique composition that tourists can admire only from the outside. The complex architectural composition consists of 22 temples richly decorated with traditional stone carvings.
16. Temple of Luhur Uluwatu
One of the six most important and famous temples in Bali. Is in unique place- beautiful and inaccessible. At the very top of the cliff is located architectural ensemble. You can walk to it in an hour. Monkeys frolic in front of the temple. Views of the Indian Ocean open from the walls and the road.
17. Bogorsky Botanical Garden
Botanical garden in Bogor in Java. Considered the largest and oldest botanical garden in the world. Founded at the beginning of the 19th century. The garden collection represents the whole variety of tropical plants from different places on Earth. A special decoration of the garden are ponds with lotuses and a greenhouse with orchids.
18. Mount Gunung Bintan
Landmark of Bintan Island. The mountain is covered with jungle, rivers run along it and waterfalls flow. Tourists climb to the very top, to the observation deck. On the way, you can explore the local tropical flora and fauna, swim in the waterfalls.
19. Taman Burung Bird and Reptile Park
A natural park combined with a "new type" zoo - the inhabitants are in free open enclosures. Exotic birds roam freely in the park and give visitors the opportunity to watch them in an environment that is as close to natural as possible. The landscape arrangement of the park is rich and varied. Birds and tourists walk among the gardens, flowers and waterfalls.
20. Tirtaganga Water Palace
Architectural and park ensemble in Bali style. The palace was built in the mid-1950s and is a relatively young landmark of the island. Palace buildings and many reservoirs are built on the site of the "holy river". Both locals and tourists willingly spend time in organized baths. In numerous ponds, carps live and lotuses bloom. The entire area is richly decorated with sculpture.
21. Taman Sari Water Castle
Taman Sari is located on the territory palace complex Yogyakarta, near the city of the same name. It is a complex of fifty buildings, some of which have been restored. The castle was built by the Sultan for himself and his family. The architects paid special attention to water: the castle had a complex system of sewerage, fountains, bath complex. The monument is protected by UNESCO, has world significance and value.
22. National Monument
The 132-meter tower, installed in Jakarta, is a symbol of Indonesia's independence from the colonial invaders of the past. Museums and an observation deck are arranged in the tower, from where a panorama of the capital opens.
23. Istiklal Mosque
The most great mosque in Southeast Asia. The name translates as "independence". The mosque was built after the end of the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim.
24. Bromo Volcano
An active volcano on the island of Java. The height is about 2.5 thousand meters. It is accessible to tourists and is very popular with them. The crater of the volcano constantly smokes, eruptions occur from time to time.
25. Merapi Volcano
Most active volcano in Indonesia. Large eruptions of this volcano follow regularly, with a period of 7 years. Small ones happen more often, but there is always a little activity. The volcano is a majestic black mountain with smoke coming from the crater - a sight so majestic that it has become one of the favorites of tourists.
26. Volcano Krakatoa
Active volcano in the Sunda Strait. According to one version, it was his eruption that caused the separation of Java and Sumatra. The last eruption practically destroyed the island on which the volcano was located.
27. Lake Tobo (Toba)
A large lake of volcanic origin (formed on the site of an ancient volcano) on the island of Sumatra. The lake is inhabited by the local small Batak people, who have their own original culture and traditions. Tourists can combine traditional forms of recreation in the bosom of nature and learn about the features of the unique Batak culture.
28. Lake Bratan
Beautiful mountain lake in Bali. It is located among mountains and jungle, in a former volcano crater. On the lake is the temple of Pura Ulun Danu, built in honor of the goddess of the reservoir. The lake and the temple are a unique natural
architectural ensemble. The place enjoys considerable attention from tourists. On the south coast lake is a water amusement park.
29. Sipiso Piso Waterfall
High sheer waterfall near Lake Toba. Its source is underground river, which finds an exit at the top of a cliff. Near the waterfall there are three viewing platforms, allowing you to enjoy the general view of a powerful water cascade and be directly next to it.
30. Waterfall Munduk
In the north of Bali is the village of Munduk and next to it is the waterfall of the same name. Not the highest (25 meters), but very loud - the noise can be heard from afar. A waterfall is a steep, dense stream of water falling vertically downwards with great pressure. It is located in the forest and is surrounded on all sides by greenery, the water flows beautifully among the greenery. There is a convenient observation deck.
- Indonesia is the largest Islamic country. Muslims make up about 87% of the population. However, these data are not official.
- Another feature of Indonesia is that this country has a very diverse culture, its inhabitants speak 580 languages and dialects.
- Among the mind-boggling number of islands that form Indonesia (and there are 17,508 of them!), Only about 6,000 are actually inhabited. The largest islands of Indonesia are Java, Sumatra, New Guinea, Sulawesi (Sulawesi) and Kalimantan.
- There are also many active volcanoes on the territory of Indonesia, and people living here have to be constantly prepared for frequent earthquakes.
- In terms of total land area, Indonesia ranks 16th in the world.
- out of ten largest islands Three of the world's islands belong to the territory of Indonesia.
- Due to the abundance of green vegetation, Indonesia is a place of distribution and habitat for interesting representatives of flora and fauna.
- Sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world. In addition, this island ranks 5th among the highest islands in the world. · Indonesia accounts for the largest share of world nutmeg production.
- Tourism is still the main industry in Indonesia's economy. The main attractions of Indonesia include the tropical climate and rich culture of this country.
- It is believed that the highest point in Indonesia is Punkcak Jaya. It is located in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
- Indonesia is home to the Javan rhinoceros, which is not found anywhere else in the world.
- The locals call their homeland "Tanah Air Kita", which means "Our Earth and Water".
- Bali has long been the most popular destination in Indonesia. The beautiful scenery of this picturesque corner attract tourists and nature lovers from all over the world. Tourists expect a lot of interesting things here. The greatest demand is for cultural events and dances, fine leather goods, and foot-tapping music. · Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, ranks 11th in terms of size and population density. This city has a large number of tourist attractions that attract visitors from all over the world.
Video
Sources
- http://travelife.today/countries/indonesia/ http://travelask.ru/questions/9618-ekonomika-indonezii https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia https://www.votpusk.ru/ country/country.asp?CN=ID http://artex.com.ua/indoneziya/obshchee-description:9-1435-2/
17-09-2015, 10:47
- barito
River in the Indonesian territory of the island of Kalimantan. It flows mainly in the province of Central Kalimantan, in the lower reaches also in the province of South Kalimantan, serving in some areas as a natural border between the two provinces. It flows into the Java Sea near the city of Banjarmasin, forming a common delta with several smaller rivers. Length - about 900 km. - Digul
A river in the south of the island of New Guinea, in the province of Papua (Indonesia). The length is about 600 km, the basin area is about 23 thousand km². It originates in the Jayavijaya Mountains (one of the ranges of the Maoke Mountains), flows mainly through a vast, mostly swampy lowland in a very winding channel; flows into the Arafura Sea. Full-flowing throughout the year, strongly overflows after rains in the mountains. The average water consumption is about 1600 m³/s. Navigable from the upper reaches. - Capuas
River in the Indonesian territory of the island of Kalimantan. It flows in the province of Central Kalimantan (the central and southern parts of the island). It flows into the Barito River (Javan Sea basin). The length is about 600 km. - Mamberamo
River in the northwest New Guinea, in the Indonesian province of Papua. It is the widest river in Indonesia. Falls into Pacific Ocean. Has many channels. Navigable for 240 km from the mouth. River valley Mamberamo is home to many of the indigenous peoples of New Guinea, including those who had no previous contact with Western civilization. It is also known for its enormous biodiversity. - Mahakam
River in the Indonesian territory of the island of Kalimantan. It flows in the province of East Kalimantan. It flows into the Makassar Strait east of the city of Samarinda, forming a branched delta. Historical names - Kutai, Banjar. The length is about 920 km, the basin area is about 80 thousand km². - Ok Tedi
- Ok Tedi
River on the island of New Guinea. For the most part, it flows through the territory of Papua New Guinea and only in a section about 1 km long crosses the border with Indonesia. At the source of the river there is a large deposit of copper and gold. On the banks of the river is the largest city of the Western Province - Tabubil. - Sepik
the longest river of the island of New Guinea and at the same time the state of Papua New Guinea. Most of the river flows through the provinces of Sandaun and East Sepik; only a small part is located on the territory of the Indonesian province of Papua. The Sepik belongs to one of the largest river systems in the world, having large area river basin. The landscapes through which the river flows are very diverse: from swampy areas to mountainous areas covered with dense tropical forests. From an ecological point of view, Sepik is probably the largest wetland in the Asia-Pacific region that has not been subjected to detrimental anthropogenic impact. - Solo
A river in Indonesia, the largest river on the island of Java. The length of the river is 548 km, the catchment area is 16100 km². It originates on the slopes of Lavu and Meshali volcanoes, flows mainly in a wide, often swampy valley, strongly meanders in the lower reaches. It flows into the Java Sea. The river is navigable for 200 km. In the lower reaches, the riverbed is straightened and canalized. - Tabalong
The river in the Tabalong district of the same name in the province of South Kalimantan (Indonesia), has a length of 45 km and is a tributary of the Negara River, which in turn flows into the Barito River. - Fly
River on the island of New Guinea. Most of the river flows through Western Province Papua New Guinea (Fly is the second longest, after the Sepik, river of this country); only a small part of the river serves as the state border with Indonesia. - chilivung
A river in Indonesia, on the island of Java. It originates on the northern slope of the Pangrango volcano, south of the city Bogor. In a significant part of the lower reaches, up to the confluence with the Java Sea, it passes through the territory of the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta, being the largest river of this city. At the beginning of the Dutch colonization of Java, this river was important as a transport artery and a source of fresh water. Currently, the water in the river is heavily polluted by industrial and domestic discharges. - Chitarum
A river in West Java, Indonesia. The river plays an important role in the lives of people from West Java as it is used to support agriculture, water supply, industry, sewerage, etc. The river is currently heavily polluted by human activities; about five million people live near the river basin.
Features of climate and relief favor the formation of a dense river network. Due to the abundance of precipitation, the rivers are full-flowing almost all year round and play an important role in the irrigation system. In mountainous regions, rivers represent a potential source of electricity.
However, floods are not uncommon in the region, and rivers carry a significant amount of silty material that makes navigation difficult and is deposited in the coastal zone.
The country has many lakes abounding in fish. Most of them are of tectonic or volcanic origin.
kalimantan
The largest rivers of Indonesia on the island of Kalimantan are the Kapuas River, or Kapuas Besar (1040 km, the basin area is 97 thousand sq. km) in West Kalimantan, Mahakam (715 km) in East Kalimantan, Martapura and Barito (650 km) in South Kalimantan. Most of the rivers originate in the central mountain range; on the plains, closer to the coast, they flow through vast swamps; channels change frequently. Along many rivers, which also serve as transport arteries, settlements are formed.
There are floodplain lakes abounding in fish. Jempang, Melintang and Semayang - on the river. Mahakam; and Loire, Sentarum and Siavan - on the river. Capuas.
Sumatra
The largest rivers in Sumatra originate on the slopes of the Bukit Barisan ridge and flow into the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea.
Among them are Hari (Jambi) (800 km), Musi (553 km), Kampar (285 km), Rokan (265 km) and Siak (260 km).
To the east, along the coast, stretches the world's largest tropical swamp. Its area is approx. 155 thousand sq. km.
Most of the rivers in Sumatra are navigable. In the southeast, upstream, there are river ports - Jambi on the river. Hari and Palembang on the river. Musi.
The largest lake on the island is Toba - located in a crater-caldera on the Batak plateau in the northern part of Sumatra. The area of this lake with Samosir Island in the center is 1.145 sq. km.
Other largest lakes are Maninjau, Kerinchi and Singkarak.
New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
In the Indonesian part of New Guinea more than 30 large rivers flowing from the Maoke mountains north into the Pacific Ocean, like the river. Mamberamo (over 500 km), or south to the Arafura Sea.
The rivers are navigable in the lower reaches. One of the most significant is the Digul River (400 km), which originates in the Jayavijaya mountains and flows into the Arafura Sea.
The largest lakes of the island are Paniai and Sentani.
Sulawesi
The rivers of Sulawesi are short and fast flowing. There are a number of relatively large lakes - Poso, Tovuti, Tondano and Matana.
Java
The main rivers of Java are Tarum and Manuk, which originate near south coast in West Java, Serang in Central Java, Solo and Brantas in East Java - flow into the Java Sea. The coastal zones in the north are swampy.
Small lakes of volcanic origin.
