The landing technique with properly operating helicopter engines and systems does not differ from landing on a serviceable helicopter.
Depending on the conditions and place of landing (airfield or site), the type of landing is selected (with mileage or by helicopter).
The technique for performing a landing with one or two failed (off) engines is described in paragraph 6.6. and 6.7. of this section.
EVACUATION OF TRANSPORTED PEOPLE AND LEAVING THE HELICOPTER BY CREW MEMBERS.
FAC actions:
Give the B / M command to turn off the engines with stop valves, close the fire valves, remove the emergency radio station and emergency radio beacon (if any);
Assess the situation and position of the helicopter, manage the evacuation
transported people, crew members;
Leave the helicopter after completing the evacuation of people and other members
Provide first aid to the injured;
Take measures to establish communication with the nearest aerodrome when landing outside the aerodrome and report on the consequences of landing, landing coordinates.
WARNING. ALL CREW ARE PROHIBITED TO RETURN TO THE HELICOPTER UNTIL IT IS SURE A FIRE OR EXPLOSION IS NOT POSSIBLE.
Co-pilot actions:
If the doors to the cargo compartment are not open, leave the helicopter through your blister;
Take part in the evacuation of transported people;
Provide first aid to the injured.
Flight mechanic actions:
On the command of the PIC, set the stop valves to the closed position
(switch off engines), close fire hydrants;
De-energize the helicopter, turn off the batteries;
Proceed to the evacuation of transported people through the door of the cargo compartment or through emergency hatches;
After the complete evacuation of the transported people, leave the helicopter;
Provide assistance to the victims.
EMERGENCY DRIVING.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.
Before flying over water, people on board ,
must learn the rules for using the life-saving equipment available on the helicopter in the event of an emergency splashdown.
Each member of the crew must be fully aware of their duties in
leaving the helicopter on the water.
The main task of the crew, in the event of an emergency splashdown, is
ensuring the safety of evacuation of people and crew.
The commander of a helicopter performing flights over the water surface must be trained in emergency escape from the cockpit when the helicopter is immersed in water.
All helicopter crew members must be trained in the use of
individual and group rescue boats, as well as for the evacuation of people.
Before emergency splashdown, the crew must:
Immediately report to the ATC service about the upcoming splashdown;
With the engines running, perform an emergency descent to hover at a height of 0.5-1 m, and in the presence of an emergency splashdown system, a water landing;
After hovering (landing), ensure rapid evacuation of people from the helicopter using the available rescue equipment.
When flying over the water surface on board the helicopter must be:
Life jackets for each crew member and transported people;
- life rafts;
Emergency supply of water and food, emergency radio communications and signaling.
NOTES:
1. When flying at a distance from the coast of no more than 25 km, only life jackets can be on board the helicopter for each crew member and transported people. Life jackets must be put on before the flight. The report to the ATC service should follow immediately after the occurrence of an emergency on board, as there may not be enough time for this in the future.
2. If there is no B/P helicopter in the crew, its functions
assigned to B / M.
3. If the helicopter has a CGS, depending on the advertised time, the PIC should address the passengers based on the following standard text:
The aircraft commander is contacting you. Due to technical reasons, we have a forced splashdown in about _____ minutes. There are life-saving equipment on board; ground search and rescue services have been informed. Stay in your seats, remain calm and follow the instructions of the flight attendant and other crew members exactly.
5-10 seconds before splashdown, the command will follow: "attention, splashdown."
4. Depending on the time available, after receiving information about the upcoming emergency landing from the PIC, the B/R should address the passengers based on the following standard text:
"Dear passengers!
The flight attendant is speaking. I urge you to be calm and ask you to do the following:
Clear the aisles immediately and take your seats;
Loosen ties and open collars;
Put dentures, glasses, sharp objects in clothing pockets;
Lay soft things in such a way that the head is protected;
Fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly, moving closer to the back of the chair;
At the command "Attention, splashdown" group your body;
After the helicopter comes to a complete stop or hover, unfasten your seat belts and evacuate the helicopter following the instructions of the crew members.
CREW ACTION.
6.10.2.1. Expanded contents of the emergency checklist
"The actions of the crew before splashdown in the absence of an emergency
splashdown".
*(1) Distress signal, emergency lighting and EXIT sign -
turn on - fac.
*(2) To ATC about the emergency and the action to be taken -
inform - FAC, 2/P.
DISASTER. DISASTER. DISASTER.
MAKE AN FORCED LANDING (place in plain text).
REASON FOR LANDING __________
FLIGHT MODE (heading, altitude) __________________
HELP NEEDED (what kind) _________________
ON BOARD _______ PERSON.
*(3) For splashdown - prepare - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
The PIC instructs B/M or B/R, if any, to check that all people are wearing life jackets.
*(4) Blisters, hatches, doors, extruded windows - reset, internal doors - open, fix - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
To all crew members at their workplaces, drop blisters, hatch covers, and the front door. If there are squeezed-out windows, use the handle located at the window to pull out the fixing profile and push the window out. Open and lock in the open position the doors to the cockpit and, if available, to the passenger compartment.
B / M and B / P make sure that all transported people are in their places and fastened, after resetting the front door, take their jobs and fasten their seat belts.
*(5) Descent and hovering - execute - FAC, 2/P.
The PIC will hover above the water at a height of 0.5-1 m.
If possible, hang closer to the coastline.
*(6) Group life-saving appliances - put into action - 2/P, B/M, B/P.
2 / P, B / M and B / P go to the cargo (passenger) cabin, taking with you an emergency radio station and a radio beacon (if any), drop the group rescue boats (rafts), having previously secured their halyards to the helicopter structural elements, with the need to bring them into working position (expand, turn over).
*(7) Evacuation of people - execute - 2/P, B/M, B/P.
2/P, B/M and B/P to ensure the transfer of people in the helicopter to group rescue watercraft, and in their absence, people leaving the helicopter with individual watercraft put on. The PIC perform a steady hover.
*(8) about the completion of the evacuation of the PIC - report - B/M, 2/P, B/P.
B / M, 2 / P and B / P after making sure that there were no
people, report to the PIC about the completion of the evacuation.
*(9) Command B/M, 2/P, B/P to leave the helicopter - to submit - to the PIC.
The PIC, having accepted the report from B/M, 2/P on the completion of the evacuation of people, give them the command to leave the helicopter.
*(10) About the completion of the evacuation of people, B / M, 2 / P, B / P - make sure - PIC.
The PIC, through his blister, visually make sure that people, B/M, 2/P, B/P are outside the helicopter.
*(11) Helicopter at a safe distance from watercraft - move - FAC.
The PIC should move the helicopter as far as possible at a distance of 50-100 m away from people on the water.
Note. When the wind is over 3 m/s, it is recommended to move the helicopter away from people on the water against the wind (to the windward side).
*(12) Helicopter - splashdown - FAC.
The PIC will bring the helicopter vertically into right bank when the fuselage touches the water.
*(13) Engines - turn off - FAC.
The PIC turn off both engines with stop valves when the fuselage touches the water.
The PIC should leave the helicopter after the NV stop.
WARNINGS:
1. In the event of a splashdown of a helicopter with one engine inoperative, it is necessary to act in accordance with the recommendations of Section 6.7, to keep the helicopter afloat using the power of the engine running up to emergency.
2. In the event of a splashdown with two engines inoperative, the landing on the water is carried out in the self-rotation mode of the NV in accordance with the recommendations of Section 6.6, with the lowest possible forward speed of splashdown. At the same time, the safe exit of the helicopter by people on board is NOT GUARANTEE.
6.10.2.2. Expanded contents of the emergency checklist
"Actions of the crew before splashdown of a helicopter equipped with a
emergency landing".
*(1) In the presence of a flight speed of less than 150 km/h - make sure - the PIC.
The PIC and 2/P must make sure that the airspeed according to the indicator
does not exceed 150 km/h.
*(2) FLOAT INFLATION switch - turn on - FAC.
PIC when flying over the water surface, turn on the switch
INFLATE THE FLOATS on the left step-gas lever and check the filling of the floats by igniting the INFLATION OF THE FLOATS board, visually and according to the report 2/P. 2/L visually verify that the starboard floats are full and report to the PIC that they are full.
*(3) Distress signal, emergency lighting and EXIT sign -
turn on - fac.
*(4) To ATC about the emergency and the action taken -
inform - FAC, 2/P.
The PIC or at his command 2/P inform the ATC service about the emergency in accordance with the standard text:
DISASTER. DISASTER. DISASTER.
I (helicopter type, call sign or tail number),
MAKE AN FORCED LANDING (place in plain language),
REASON FOR LANDING ______________
FLIGHT MODE (heading, altitude) _________________
HELP NEEDED (what kind) _______________
ON BOARD ______ PERSON.
*(5) Windshield wipers - turn on - FAC, 2/P.
The PIC and 2/P, or at the command of the PIC B/M, turn on the windshield wipers.
*(6) For splashdown - prepare - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
The PIC to instruct B/M or B/P, if available , check whether all people are wearing life jackets, whether all transported people are in their places and fastened with seat belts.
*(7) Descent and water landing - perform - FAC, 2/P.
The PIC performs a descent and landing on the water, if possible against
wind, with the minimum possible translational and vertical
speeds (preferably by vertical descent) along the wave front, closer to the coastline.
*(8) Engines - turn off - FAC, B / M.
The PIC or, at his command from the F/M, set the stop cocks to the closed position, close the fire cocks and turn off all fuel pumps.
*(9) Blisters, hatches, doors, extruded windows - reset, internal doors - open, fix - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
To all crew members at their workplaces, drop blisters, hatch covers, and the front door. If there are squeezed-out windows, use the handle located at the window to pull out the fixing profile and push the window out. Open and lock in the open position the doors to the cockpit and, if available, to the passenger compartment. B / M and B / P make sure that all transported people are in their places and fastened, after resetting the front door, take their jobs and fasten their seat belts.
*(10) Group life-saving appliances -
actuate - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
KVS, 2/P, B/M and B/P go into the cargo (passenger) cabin, taking with you an emergency radio station and a radio beacon (if any), put the group rescue boats (rafts) into action, having previously secured their halyards to the elements helicopter structure, if necessary, bring them into working position (deploy, turn over).
*(11) Evacuation of people - perform - FAC, 2/P, B/M, B/P.
The PIC, 2/P, B/M and B/P ensure the transfer of people in the helicopter to group rescue watercraft, and in their absence, people leaving the helicopter with individual watercraft put on.
* (12) On the completion of the evacuation of the PIC - report - B / M, 2 / P, B / P.
B/M, 2/P and B/P after making sure that there are no people left on board the helicopter, report to the PIC about the completion of the evacuation.
*(13) At the end of the evacuation of people, B / M, 2 / P, B / P - make sure - PIC.
The PIC make sure that people, B/M, 2/P, B/P are out of the helicopter.
*(14) Helicopter - leave - FAC.
The PIC should leave the helicopter, de-energizing it, if possible, by turning off the batteries,
WARNINGS:
1. IN CASES WHEN EMERGENCY DRIVING IS PERFORMED
TAXIING ON THE WATER SURFACE IS ALLOWED IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF THE SHORELINE OR FOREIGN LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT (VESSELS, MBU, ETC.) IF THIS WILL LEAD TO A MORE SAFE LEAVING OF THE HELICOPTER BY PASSENGERS. TAXI SPEED SHOULD BE SELECTED DEPENDING ON THE CONDITION OF THE WATER SURFACE (BALANCE) AND THE BEHAVIOR OF FLOATS PRONE TO LOSS OF SHAPE AND TURN UP WHEN THE SPEED EXCEEDS 15 KM/H.
OTHERWISE, TAXIING SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
2. INFLATED FRONT FLOATS DISTORT THE INDICATIONS OF SPEED INDICATORS, THEREFORE, WHEN BRAKING THE HELICOPTER BEFORE DRIVING, THE PASSAGE OF SPEED OF 40-30 KM/H SHOULD BE CONTROLLED ON THE APPEARANCE OF THE "SHAKING" MODE.
3. WHEN EMERGENCY DRIVING AT NIGHT WITH THE USE OF HEADLIGHTS, IT SHOULD BE MEANED THAT THE WATER SURFACE BEGINS TO BE VIEWED FROM A HEIGHT OF ABOUT 30 M, AND AT HEIGHTS LESS THAN 20 M WHICH DESTROYS VISIBILITY FROM THE PILOT CABIN.
IN THIS CASE THE HEADLIGHT DIRECTION SHOULD BE KEEPED
INSIDE THE LIGHT SCREEN (CLOSER TO THE HELICOPTER) IN THE AREA WHERE THE WATER SURFACE IS VIEWED.
Similar information.
Material for training the population in the field of life safety using distance learning technologies on the topic: “Rules of conduct in the event of an accident on an air, water and railway transport»
RULES OF BEHAVIOR AND ACTIONS OF PASSENGERS IN AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Takeoff and landing accidents arewhere there is hope for salvation , as they usuallyoccur when the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they tend to happen in the area around the airport, where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
In other cases, in the event of an emergency in flight, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing. When preparing it, you must immediately clear the aisles and take places in your chairs, the backs of which should be brought to a vertical position. In addition, it is necessary to remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects from inside pockets (pens, knives, lighters), remove high-heeled shoes, loosen a tie and unfasten a collar. After that, put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso, fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly. At the command of the flight attendant"Attention landing!" you should lean forward, cover your head with soft things and put it on your hands, which clasp your knees. You need to stay in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop.
After the plane stops, unfasten your seat belts and prepare for evacuation. For emergency evacuation of the aircraft by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, are used on the left and right sides of the fuselage. Exits for passengers, approaches to them and means of openingare prominently marked , facilitating their detection. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The device of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches). In places where emergency exits to the wing are located, the aisles between the seats are wider than elsewhere, and do not interfere with the opening of hatches and the exit of passengers.
Leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder released and inflated, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge, and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved.
Try to wear a coat or jacket made of flame retardant and low melting materials. materials;
Think about what shoes to wear; avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you wear them, and during the evacuation you have to use an inflatable escape slide, then remove them when you leave the plane;
When taking off and landing, make sure that the seat belt is pulled tight around your hips;
Know where the exits are on the plane and how they open.
During decompression, i.e. rarefaction of air in the cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Don't try to help someone beforehow do you put on your mask , even if this is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a steep descent.
In the event of an aircraft fire P Remember that the greatest danger on board is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or wool clothing, dampened with water if possible. When making your way to the exit, move crouching or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using the available clothes, blankets, etc.
After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is littered, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke. After exiting the plane, move away from it as far as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.
Aircraft forced landinghappens rarely. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter.
When splashing down, which is always unexpected, there is practically no time for preparation. In one case, the plane can touch the surface so smoothly that is incomprehensible, landed he either splashed down, in another - he can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, when splashing down, it is necessary to act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant (Scheme 61), i.e. put on a life jacket and inflate it, take or put on warm clothes and go to the exit indicated by the flight attendant to board the life raft.
After a forced landing on the water, life rafts descend. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter. If splashdown occurred during the cold season, you need to take more warm clothes on the raft. Do not forget about the supply of water and food. The raft comes with an emergency supply, which may not be enough if the voyage is long. The command of all passengers on the water is assumed by the aircraft crew commander.
Using oars and improvised items, you need to move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft drift in the wind and will keep those fleeing in the area of the accident.
Link to videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s9uWipfN8I
Test 2
1) How to leave the plane after an emergency landing through the exit with the airstairs extended and inflated:
a
b
v
2)
a
b
v
3)
a
b
v
4)
a
b
c) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.
5)
a
b
v
RULES OF CONDUCT AND ACTIONS OF PASSENGERS
WHEN ACCIDENT ON WATER TRANSPORT
B 
most major accidents and accidents on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, and also through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members.
Abandonment of the ship in case of an accident or shipwreck is carried out only on the instructions of the captain. He gives such an order in the following cases:
There are clear signs of the impending loss of the vessel;
The vessel remains afloat, but the spread of water over the vessel leads to its flooding, and the crew does not have sufficient means to deal with water;
There is cargo shifting or icing of the ship, which will eventually lead to its capsizing, and the crew does not have the means to deal with cargo shifting or icing;
A fire is spreading throughout the ship, and the crew does not have the means to localize and eliminate it.
On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue are reduced to the fastest possible exit to the boat deck and the precise execution of the commands of the crew organizing rescue operations.
All participants in the swim must wear spare clothing at their disposal - cotton and wool underwear, sweaters, waterproof, better waterproof outerwear, if available, a wetsuit and, of course, a life jacket. It is better to wear layered clothing. Two thin sweaters are preferable to one. It is advisable to wrap the neck with a scarf, in extreme cases, with a towel or a sleeve of a torn sweater, a torn leg, since it is more susceptible to hypothermia in water than other parts of the body. One or two tight-fitting woolen caps should be put on the head, a hood should be put on and tightened, mittens or gloves should be put on the hands. You should strive to protect places that are particularly prone to heat loss - the chest below the armpits, groin area , neck, head. It is better to wear shoes that are spacious, with two or three woolen socks, but in such a way as not to restrict the movement of the toes.
Each participant in the navigation must be able to handle an individual means of rescue. It is best to learn this in advance. It must be remembered that an incorrectly worn life jacket can not only not help, but even accelerate the death of a person on the water.
The first, according to the old maritime rule, to the collective means of salvation are children, women, wounded, weakened people. They need to organize insurance, for which one adult man can go down to the life-saving device.
The captain is the last to leave the ship, after personally making sure that all members of the crew, passengers, and emergency equipment are in the survival craft.
Before boarding inflatable rescue equipment (rafts, boats), it is necessary to tightly wrap the metal parts of the shoes with cloth - horseshoes, buckles, protruding nails that can damage the rubber lining. When boarding inflatable rafts and boats, it is advisable to avoid jumping. If it is impossible to do without a jump, you should try to fall on inflatable elements - onboard balloons, inflatable beams, cans and racks. In this case, it is desirable to come into contact with the skin, possibly larger area body to reduce the impact load on the inflatable structure. If a person lands on their feet, they can break through the bottom of a lifeboat or raft.
Leaving a sinking ship can be carried out on lifeboats and inflatable rafts, by going on board an approaching rescue ship, evacuating aboard a rescue helicopter and jumping into the water.
Features of leaving the ship by jumping into the water. Before leaving the vessel, crew members must remind passengers of the rules for jumping into the water and further behavior on the water. For a jump into the water, such places are chosen to be carried away from the vessel by the current. If possible, it is better to go down to the water along the ladder. The life jacket must be protected from damage.
When jumping into the water, tuck your chin to your chest, but do not tilt your head forward so as not to hit your face on the water, tighten the back of your head. Press the clothes with one hand, close the nostrils and mouth with the other. Jump with your feet down, press your feet against each other, bend your legs slightly and strain. Take a deep breath before jumping. Once in the water, dive with open eyes, avoiding getting hit by a ship, boat or raft. After recovering your breath, turn to face the oncoming wave, then look around for danger from nearby ships.
In the absence of rescue equipment,while in the water, give signals by whistling or raising your hand. Move as little as possible to keep warm. Heat loss in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movement even in warm water should be reduced to just keeping afloat. If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for a floating object with your eyes and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest lying on your back.
While on a lifeboattake your seasickness pills. To save heat, stay close to other victims, do physical exercises. Let's drink only to the sick and wounded. If there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay close to other boats near the place of the ship's sinking.
Never drink sea water. Keep fluid in the body by reducing useless movements. Moisten clothing during the day to reduce perspiration, and moisten the outer shell of the raft with water to reduce the temperature inside the raft. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, dividing them into numerous small doses with the largest in the evening. Eat only emergency food. Save the smoke bombs until there is a real possibility that your signal will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself, entrust this to one person.
Link to videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dc1NJncHR64
Test 1
1) On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue come down to a quick exit to the boat deck and precise execution of the ship's crew commands. Specify the correct actions of passengers when declaring a boat alarm:
a
b
v
a
b
v
3)
a
b
v
4)
a
b) arms and legs;
v
5)
a) 200-300 ml;
b) 500-600 ml;
v) 800-1000 ml.
RULES OF BEHAVIOR AND ACTIONS OF PASSENGERS WHEN ACCIDENT ON RAILWAY TRANSPORT
O 
The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of the track, rolling stock, signaling, centralization and blocking, dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers. Most often, rolling stock derails, collisions, collisions with obstacles at crossings, fires and explosions directly in the cars occur.
Everyone who goes on a trip by rail needs to know that the most safe places in the wagon - these are compartment shelves located towards the movement. In case of emergency braking or a collision of trains, you will only be pressed against the wall, while passengers from opposite shelves will fly to the floor. The last person to fall after a complete stop is a person lying on the top shelf in the direction of travel.
The greatest threat to passengers is the first and last cars of the train. The first is crushed and thrown off the path in a head-on collision. With the latter, the same thing happens in a collision from behind, only on an even more catastrophic scale, since it, unlike the first , do not buffer the locomotive and the baggage car.
When traveling, please observe the following rules:
When the train is moving, do not open the outer doors, do not stand on the steps and do not lean out of the windows;
Stow your luggage carefully in the overhead bins and do not overload or secure them so that you do not become a victim of your own suitcases or boxes during heavy braking;
Do not pluck the stopcock unless absolutely necessary; remember that even in case of fire it is impossible to stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and in other places where evacuation will be complicated;
Smoke only in designated areas;
Do not carry flammable, chemical and explosive substances with you;
Do not plug household appliances into the electric network of the car;
If you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately;
In case of a real threat, immediately leave the car through the vestibule doors and emergency exits; in extreme cases, knock out window panes with improvised objects (stepladders, hard briefcases, diplomats, tables torn from nests and clothes shelves);
Don't reach for your suitcases, drop them; your life is not worth the things in them.
In the event of a crash or emergency braking, secure yourself so you don't fall. To do this, grab the handrails and rest your feet against the wall or seat. It is safest to get down on the floor of the car. After the first hit, do not relax and keep all the muscles tense until it becomes completely clear that there will be no more movement.
In crashes involving collisions and emergency braking, most people get injured as a result of falls from shelves. To avoid them, or at least soften the blow, in addition to securing luggage, unsafe bottles, glasses in glass holders with spoons sticking out of them like daggers, etc. should be removed from the tables. Bend, especially on the shelves on which children sleep, mattresses on the outside or place a folded blanket or unnecessary clothing under them to form a protective roller that is difficult to roll over. Completely, before fixing, close or open the doors of the compartment so that during a sudden stop they do not cause injury to a hand or head caught in the opening.
In case of a serious crash, you must immediately get out of the car (only, jumping out, do not fall under an oncoming train!) And help the injured passengers. Look carefully for fallen current-carrying wires nearby: they can be a mortal danger.
A fire in a train is terrible not with a flame, but, first of all, with poisonous combustion products of synthetic finishing materials. Poisoning occurs in a matter of minutes, and with intensive combustion - seconds. To avoid this, in a moving train, go to the next car, preferably in the direction of movement, in a stopped train - to the street, as far as possible from , where there are no railroad tracks. Do not scatter in all directions, as the rescuers who have arrived will look for you near the canvas.
In case of strong smoke in the car, cover your nose and mouth with a rag moistened with water - a towel, a pillowcase, a sheet, a piece of torn clothing. In half-empty cars, you can move on your knees, since there is less smoke below (near the floor).
There are situations when a moving train cannot be stopped. In such cases, it is necessary to act according to the scheme.
P 
After an accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of a fire. Quickly opening windows in the 3rd and 6th compartments from the side of the transverse shelves serve as an emergency exit from the cars. Break the compartment window only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the car through the emergency exit, get to the other side of the railway track, where there is more free space, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. Once outside, immediately engage in rescue work: help passengers in other compartments break windows, pull out victims, etc.
Fuel may spill during an accident. In this case, move away from the train to a safe distance, as there is a risk of fire and explosion. If the current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it with jumps or short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from 2 (dry) to 30 (wet) meters.
Link to videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPI3Lm9vJhI
Test 3
1) :
a) medium wagons;
b) the first and last car;
v) two penultimate cars.
2)
a
b
v
3)
a
b
v
G
4)
a
b
v
5)
a
b) windows in the toilets;
v
control test
1) Which train cars pose the greatest threat to passengers in a collision:
a) medium wagons;
b) the first and last car;
v) two penultimate cars.
2) In what cases it is impossible to break the stop crane and stop the train even in case of emergency, for example, in case of fire:
a) when the train travels at a speed of more than 50 km/h;
b) on the bridge, in the tunnel and other places where people can be evacuated;
v) within the sanitary zone locality.
3) When moving in your train car, a strong smell of burning and smoke appeared. How will you proceed:
a) pull the stopcock handle;
b) tell the conductor, collect your things and go to another carriage;
v) inform the conductor, collect your things and wait in the compartment for instructions;
G) go to the neighboring compartments and report the incident to passengers.
4) The safest places on a train are:
a) seats at the windows in the corridor of the compartment car;
b) compartment shelves located against the movement of the train;
v) compartment shelves located in the direction of the train.
5) Name the emergency exits in the train car:
a) openable windows in the third and sixth compartments from the side of the transverse shelves;
b) windows in the toilets;
v) transitions through vestibules to neighboring cars.
6) How to leave the aircraft after an emergency landing through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated:
a) without stopping, jump onto the ladder and slide down;
b) without stopping, sit on the edge of the ladder and slide down;
v) stop in front of the ladder, sit on it and slide down.
7) At emergency landing aircraft you need:
a) put your hands on your stomach, bend and tuck your legs;
b) put on a life jacket, rest your hands on the back of the front seat, and hold your head between your knees;
v) bend, tilt your head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, rest your feet on the back of the front seat.
8) You are on an airplane. The flight attendant reported a fire on board and representing an emergency landing. Your actions after an emergency landing, provided that the cabin is smoky, fire is visible in some places, the passage to the emergency exit is not blocked:
a) immediately put on an oxygen mask, protect your body from burns and wait for rescuers;
b) protect yourself from burns by covering open areas of the body, bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours, covering your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or clothing items soaked in liquid; once overboard, quickly move away from the aircraft;
v) ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle of mineral water, on the backs of the seats you will make your way to the exit, dousing yourself with water on the go, once overboard, stand near the aircraft in case your help is needed.
9) The plane made an emergency landing on the water. You need:
a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take or put on warm clothes, go to the exit to board the life raft;
b) take a life jacket and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down into the life raft, put on warm clothes and a life jacket;
v) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.
10) In case of leakage in the aircraft cabin, it is necessary:
a- fasten the seat belt and cover your head with your hands, lean forward;
b- immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten your seat belt and prepare for a rapid descent;
v) fasten your seat belt, help your neighbors buckle up, put on an oxygen mask.
11) On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue come down to a quick exit to the boat deck and precise execution of the commands of the ship's crew. Specify the correct actions of passengers when declaring a boat alarm:
a) put on as many clothes as possible, take documents and a life jacket, quickly go to the boat deck, prepare to board life-saving appliances;
b) put on a life jacket, go to the boat deck, sit in lifeboat and wait for her to be launched;
v) go down to your cabin, put on a life jacket and wait for the arrival of the ship's emergency team.
a) so as not to injure yourself;
b) so as not to injure another passenger;
v) so as not to damage the rubber lining of the survival craft.
13) From the given answers, choose the one that, in your opinion, reflects the correct actions of the passenger when leaving the sinking ship by jumping into the water:
a) cover your face with both hands, jump into the water with your feet down pressed to each other, quickly sail away from the ship;
b) take a breath and hold your breath, hold your mouth with your hand, jump into the water with your legs slightly bent, splash down, sail away from the ship;
v) inspect the place of splashdown, take a breath and hold your breath, hold your mouth and nose with your hand, pull the life jacket down with the other hand, jump into the water with your feet down, slightly bending them, splash down, quickly sail away from the ship.
14) What parts of the human body are particularly susceptible to heat loss when in water:
a) chest below the armpits, groin area, neck and head;
b) arms and legs;
v) fingers and toes, feet, scalp.
15) While in a life-saving craft, drink water per day no more than:
a) 200-300 ml;
b) 500-600 ml;
According to analytical studies, a modern aircraft is the most comfortable, fastest and, most importantly, safe view transport. But despite the prone facts, many passengers are afraid to fly, because in feature films terrible disasters are very colorfully shown. Of course, also on air transport a technical problem may occur, as a result of which an emergency landing of the aircraft will be made, because any, even the most modern airliner, is, first of all, a means of transportation, that is, a technical development. However, if we analyze the statistics of accidents, it becomes clear: when traveling by car, a person gets into car accidents much more often. A selection of aircraft emergency landings on the Internet will help to make sure that most often the experience and professionalism of pilots help to land air transport safely and avoid casualties.
Each passenger of air transport must first of all understand that, getting on board the aircraft, he is required to strictly adhere to the instructions and rules of conduct, be sure to take into account the recommendations and advice from the crew. It is these people who will control the flight and be responsible for its safety, and only they will be able to come to the rescue in an emergency in order to save the lives of everyone on board. Sure, crash landings passenger aircraft occur infrequently, but if such a situation nevertheless develops, the entire crew must remain calm in order to prevent panic and find the strength to smile at the passengers in order to calm their anxiety. Therefore, all travelers should first of all respect the hard work of the aircraft crew and always heed their advice.
Before taking off air transport, passengers must do the following:
- turn off all mobile devices. According to experts, a working smartphone constantly receives and sends signals at a high frequency, which leads to a malfunction of navigation devices, and also creates interference on the wave used by the air traffic control service and pilots;
- each passenger must place the back of their own seat in an upright position. If the backrest remains lowered, then in an emergency, the passage of the passenger sitting behind will be blocked and he will not be able to leave his seat;
- seat belts must be fastened, the folding table must be assembled;
- it is recommended not to cover the porthole with curtains;
- it is not allowed to use the entertainment system provided in the aircraft during takeoff and landing of air transport. If the passenger is wearing headphones, he may not hear the important message that the pilot will transmit to all passengers.
Safety measures in the event of an emergency
We figured out the basic rules, now you need to figure out how to protect yourself during an emergency landing of an airplane? It should be noted that it is simply impossible to predict the occurrence of an accident of this kind, therefore, when landing an air transport, you need to take some precautions that can save lives. So, with such an event, which is most often announced by the air transport captain, you need to do the following:
- From the pockets of your clothes, remove all prickly and cutting objects. Adults must check that such items do not remain in the clothes of small passengers.
- The seat belt must be correctly fastened, the passenger takes a safe position - bending over, you need to clasp your knees and bend your head as low as possible.
- It is recommended to wear an oxygen mask, make sure it is securely fixed.
- If a message is received from the aircraft crew that an emergency landing is being made on the water, a life jacket should be put on as soon as possible.
- After the air transport has landed, passengers should take turns approaching the emergency exit hatch, turn the handle and lift the lid to open it.
- There is a lifeline next to the escape hatch. The end of the rope must be thrown overboard.
- Before leaving, you need to take off your shoes, socks and stockings, after which passengers should stick their legs out into the hatch and gradually move out.
- After the fabric chute is stretched, you need to take turns to sit on the inflatable ladder and slide down without panic. When descending, do not hold your hand on the edge of the ladder.
First of all, in the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft, it is necessary to evacuate women and children, as well as passengers with disabilities.
Considering the additional tips provided by the experts, you can protect yourself and nearby passengers:
- after an emergency landing, the situation should be assessed. If you notice that the crew continues to operate the airliner, in no case should you get up from your seat and unfasten your seat belts. You need to wait for a message from the flight attendants, while in the chair;
- if the hull is damaged during landing, you should go as quickly as possible to the place intended for emergency evacuation, while not taking any things, no matter how valuable they may be. Sometimes in such a situation every second matters, so you need to accurately set your own priorities - first of all, saving your life, and only after that - the safety of your things;
- getting up from your seat, you need to bend down as low as possible and in this position move towards the emergency exit. If a flame is raging inside the cabin, you should be guided by the lights on the floor or count the rows when moving to the place of evacuation.
How to improve your chances of survival in the event of a plane crash
| Schedule for the academic year | Air transport
Fundamentals of life safety
5th grade
Lesson 16
Air transport
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Modern aircraft are reliable and almost always safe to fly. However, there are no completely safe mechanisms, machines. An airplane is a very complex machine, and the weather during the flight is not always quiet and sunny. Unfortunately, an average of 3,000 people die in air crashes around the world every year.
In flight, the aircraft is always autonomous, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on Earth: technicians, signalmen, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect it is, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong winds, poor visibility, snow and rain affect flight safety, sometimes creating situations that require a lot of skill, perseverance, and sometimes courage from the crew and ground services to overcome.
The passenger must also comply with the rules on the implementation of which the safety of the flight depends.
How to behave in the cabin:
Before takeoff and landing, take your seat and do not walk around the cabin;
on the shelf located above the chairs, place only non-bulky things (coat, raincoat, jacket);
carefully listen to the information of the stewardess about the rules of conduct and safety equipment on board the vessel;
during the flight, study the rules for the use of safety equipment;
make sure that during takeoff and landing, the seat belt is tightly pulled at the hips;
in dangerous situations, remain calm and follow all instructions of the crew.
In catastrophic situations on airplanes, two dangerous types of passenger behavior are usually manifested - panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, is more common. You should take this into account and never stop fighting for your life.
Let's take a look at some of the dangerous situations that are possible during the flight, and together we will think about how to get out of them.
In the event of an accident on an airplane, the margin of time for action is very small, so fear, panic will only increase the danger, reduce this time. It is necessary to act wisely: your salvation depends on it.
If an accident occurs during takeoff, landing or high altitude, the pilots will try to abort the flight and land the plane, but the emergency landing in this case will not be soft.
During an emergency landing you need to take a safe position: the body is bent, the head is tilted as low as possible, hands cover the head, legs rest against the back of the front seat. Remove bulky, heavy and other dangerous items that can cause injury. Try to put on your outerwear.
After an emergency landing it is necessary not to panic, to follow all the commands of the aircraft crew, to help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can only leave the plane through the emergency exits. After leaving the plane, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, since it may explode. Actions must be clear, conscious, fast, because health and life depend on it.
When the aircraft is depressurized during the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or overhead.
In case of an airplane fire all crew commands must be followed. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the plane as soon as possible, and for this you need to head to the nearest emergency exit. You should make your way to the exit on all fours, crouching as low as possible, since there is less smoke below (not so much fire as smoke is dangerous). Cover your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (wet if possible). Do not take with you hand luggage to show determination and discipline.
During an emergency landing on the water you need to wear a life jacket, but inflate it only slightly so that it does not interfere with the exit.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1. If you have ever flown on airplanes, tell us about your impressions.
2. Tell us about the safety rules for air transport.
3. Recall and tell about any film or book that shows (describes) an emergency in air transport.
TASK 25. During the flight, the plane experienced a malfunction, as a result of which an emergency landing was planned. Choose from the proposed options for further actions and determine their order.
1. Do not panic, listen to the information of the crew.
2. Group before landing, cover your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Get dressed.
4. Go to the crew to clarify the situation.
5. Fasten your seat belt.
6. Prepare your belongings for evacuation.
In case of aircraft and helicopter accidents, there are several main types emergencies and therefore, for the sake of personal safety, each passenger is obliged to carefully read the leaflet on the rules of conduct on board the aircraft and rescue in the event of an accident during takeoff or landing.
In addition, he must listen to the flight attendant's instructions on the use of oxygen masks and the location of emergency exits from the aircraft of this design.
Most air passengers during an accident, instead of using spare emergency exits, fall into a panic and arrange a stampede at the main entrances and exits. If it is necessary to leave the aircraft on an inflatable ladder or from the wing of the aircraft, then to increase the exit speed, you need to jump onto the ladder or onto the ground, and not try to sit down and slide down.
The jump will save you up to half a minute of time, which is very important in case of an aircraft fire or an explosion threat. Injuries and their severity during an unsuccessful takeoff or landing depend on the severity of the impact. Passengers are especially injured when their seat belts are not fastened. In this case, even a "conditionally soft landing" will entail fractures, bruises, dislocations and injuries, as the person will be thrown out of the chair into the cabin.
Emergency situations in the cabin
Decompression
Decompression is associated with the rapid release of air from the cabin of the aircraft. Decompression is accompanied by a deafening roar and whistle of escaping air. The salon is filled with fog and dust, visibility drops sharply.
Air comes out of a person's lungs, there is a ringing in the ears, gases in the intestines expand, and this creates additional, sharp pain. To avoid death from suffocation and rupture of the lungs, it is necessary in the very first seconds of decompression to put on an oxygen mask located near each seat.
Poorly worn or simply pressed to the nose and mouth, an oxygen mask does not always save from loss of consciousness, so it must be put on. To help a passenger sitting next to you or your relative, you must first put on a mask for yourself. Otherwise, both of you can die, left without oxygen!
The action of the aircraft crew is an immediate descent to an altitude of less than 3000 m, at which the oxygen content is considered almost normal.
An aircraft fire can occur for several reasons. One of them is the ignition of one or more engines. In this case, through the windows you can see the flames escaping from the engines or turbines on the wing of the aircraft, and at the very beginning of the fire, a thick black smoky plume emanating from them. Such a fire is associated with violations and serious malfunctions in the operation of aircraft engines and, as a rule, leads to engine shutdown and forced landing.
In another case, a fire may occur due to negligence in handling fire in the aircraft cabin. Modern aircraft made not only of aluminum, they carry a significant amount of synthetic and other flammable substances, such as plastic, foam rubber, foam and others. These materials are dangerous not only due to their increased flammability, when burning or smoldering, they emit toxic substances, which, together with the fire, spread very quickly through the cabin, and a lot of thick black smoke is released, which makes breathing difficult and contributes to loss of orientation.
In the event of a fire in the aircraft engines or inside the cabin, the crew makes an emergency landing. In this case, the main thing is not to create panic, but in an organized manner after the plane stops, go to the main or emergency exits, observing the established order (children, pregnant women, the disabled, then everyone else). In case of fire inside the aircraft cabin, heading to the main or emergency exits, the following rules must be observed:
in no case do not open the emergency exit hatches from the aircraft where there is fire and smoke - this will only increase the fire and smoke in the aircraft cabin;
do not take hand luggage with you - this will complicate your situation and lead to the loss of precious time; try not to breathe poisonous smoke (often yellow color due to burning plastic), cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or piece of clothing.
In a smoky aircraft cabin, it is better to crawl to the exit or on all fours, since there is less smoke below. Remember: smoke is more dangerous than fire! protect your skin from burns by wrapping yourself in clothes and wearing a hat, protect your eyes, face and hands from burns; do not stand in a long queue at the exit - there are other emergency exits;
if the passage is littered, then get over the chairs, lowering their backs;
The most important thing is to follow all the instructions prescribed by the flight rules and not cause a fire yourself.
takeoff accident
This is perhaps the most dangerous view accidents, since the aircraft has a full load of fuel during take-off, which can explode or ignite on impact. In addition, a takeoff crash is a possible engine failure at low altitude, causing the aircraft to crash violently. In such a situation, it is almost impossible to survive, although in world practice there are cases of saving one or even several people who miraculously survived.
Emergency landing
During a forced landing, an airplane or helicopter can crash into trees, a rock, split in half, catch fire and explode. In the event of an emergency landing, a safe, fixed posture must be assumed.
bend over and tightly clasp your hands under your knees;
put your head on your knees or tilt as low as possible;
rest your feet on the floor, pushing them as far as possible (but not under the chair in front of you!);
at the moment of impact, one must prepare for strong overloads, which may have different direction(both down and up), so you need to strain as much as possible, as the athletes say, to group.
The crew of the aircraft must:
immediately evacuate all passengers and crew members to a safe place;
take with you group and individual emergency rescue equipment;
provide the first necessary medical care passengers and crew members;
prepare emergency radio stations for operation and transmit a disaster message; determine your location;
prepare signal visual means for use (signal mirror, bonfires, signal signs);
prepare a landing site for a rescue helicopter.
All the work listed above must be supervised by the aircraft commander or, in case of his injury, death, one of the crew members. After assessing the situation, the aircraft commander or the person replacing him makes appropriate decisions. He distributes duties between the crew members and the most active passengers who did not succumb to panic and decadent moods.
Their task is to organize a temporary camp, shelter from adverse weather conditions, campfire and cooking. It is most expedient for everyone to remain at the scene of a disaster or forced landing, which, of course, facilitates the search and allows you to save strength and health of people until the rescue team arrives. This decision is justified under the following circumstances:
when a distress call is transmitted by the crew in the air or immediately after landing;
if the place of landing is not exactly determined; if the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass (mountains, taiga, deep snow, etc.);
when the direction to the nearest settlement is unknown;
if most of the crew or passengers are injured and cannot move independently.
When deciding to stay at the emergency landing site, the pilot-in-command or a crew member replacing him, in the first place:
establishes a round-the-clock duty for air and the surrounding area in order to detect rescue groups and give them a signal in a timely manner;
organizes the care of the sick and wounded;
takes account of all available property and food and establishes the norms for their expenditure;
organizes the construction of shelters from adverse weather conditions;
organizes the search for water and the extraction of food, using local opportunities (picking berries, mushrooms, edible plants, fishing and hunting);
carries out the prevention of possible diseases associated with poisoning and various diseases.
The decision to leave the place of forced landing is made:
if the exact place of the emergency landing is known and the distance to the nearest settlement is small;
if the state of health of crew members and passengers allows to overcome this distance during daylight hours;
in the event of an immediate threat to life (flood, fire, volcanic eruption, ice field break, etc.);
if the aircraft and people cannot be detected from the air by a rescue helicopter or aircraft due to dense vegetation;
if within three days there is no communication and assistance.
When making a decision to leave the place of emergency landing, the commander or crew member replacing him must:
allocate responsibilities;
distribute water and food among road users and establish daily norms for their consumption;
determine and, if possible, develop in detail the route of movement, plot it on a map and determine approximate time movement in stages;
prepare the necessary equipment, property and medicines that will ensure autonomous movement in deserted areas;
prepare means of signaling and communication for the possibility of using them at any time during the movement; prepare victims for transportation or independent movement;
at the scene of an accident or forced landing of an aircraft, leave a note with a detailed list of all crew members and passengers, indicate the circumstances of the accident (forced landing), the state of health of all crew members and passengers, the direction of movement, time of departure, lay out an arrow of stones or cut down trees, make notches in trees, etc. in the direction of the departure of the group.
Forced water landing
The forced landing of an aircraft on the water is quite rare, but often ends in serious injuries, death of passengers and crew. It should be remembered that the plane can splash down quite unexpectedly and sometimes so smoothly and imperceptibly for passengers that they will take it for a normal landing at the airport. But it can happen that during splashdown, when hitting the water, the plane falls apart and quickly sinks. Wherein:
there are no life jackets and inflatable rafts on the plane;
means of rescue are in one place and you will not be able to reach them during the time that the plane is afloat;
there was a panic and it was impossible to get to the life jackets; the water overboard is icy;
there is a storm on the sea, and the waves reach several meters high;
emergency landing occurred far from the coast in the open sea;
fuel spilled from the aircraft tanks into the water caught fire.
In addition, it should be remembered that although aircraft have some buoyancy, it all depends on what type of aircraft. If the engines are located on the wings, the aircraft will be in a horizontal position, but if the engines are located in the tail of the aircraft, then it will float tail down. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. But if his fuselage is damaged, then this time will be much less.
Crew actions
Launch all available life rafts (they inflate automatically when dropped, in winter this happens in 3 minutes, in summer in 1 minute).
If the rafts do not inflate automatically, then the halyard is pulled with a strong jerk, which leads to the cylinder of the gas filling system.
If time permits, take warm clothes on the raft, as well as an additional supply of food and water, regardless of the presence of an emergency supply on board the life raft.
Make sure no one is left on board the aircraft.
The command of passengers on life rafts is assumed by the commander of the aircraft, and in the event of his death - the senior in rank.
Upon completion of boarding the life rafts, immediately move away from the aircraft (helicopter) dive site to a safe distance, using oars and other available items for this. Then straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of drifting with the wind and will not allow the raft to go far from the accident site, which contributes to a faster search for it by rescuers. In addition, an oily stain remains at the accident site for a long time, which also facilitates the search.
If there are several rafts, they must be tied together with a rope at a distance of 10-15 m from each other.
Organize a search for people who can still remain in the water and take measures to get them on the raft.
Organize the collection of all items that are in the water, as they may be useful in the future.
If you have a radio, immediately send a distress call and turn it on to beacon mode (instructions for using the emergency radio are printed on the radio, and no special skills are required to use it).
"Encyclopedia of Survival" Chernysh I.V.
