Mountains, the difference between mountains in height. Medium mountains: height and examples

-low ( up to 1000 m) - Ural, Scandinavian

-average ( from 1000 m to 2000 m ) - Carpathians, Crimean

-high(more than 2000 m) - Tien Shan, Sayans, Caucasian mountains

Methodology: can be identified on the map by color; in primary school give the concept of Ural and Caucasus mountains..

Methodology: give an idea of:

-"plateaus" - uplift of land up to 600 m, having a relatively flat surface ( Central Siberian).

- "lowlands" is a piece of land up to 200 m above sea level ( Caspian (depression), West Siberian lowland.

- "heights" is the rise of land from 200 m to 500 m ( Middle Russian).\

3. Relief Orenburg region

A. Dimensions and boundaries of our region.

Area Orenburg region - 124,000 sq. km.

a) from west to east, the territory of the region stretches for more than 700 km, and from south to north, the distance between the borders is not the same: if in the western part it is 300 km, then in the central part - 60 km, and in the eastern part - 200 km. The total length of the borders is about 3700 km.

In December 1937, an independent Orenburg region was formed. A year later, it became known as Chkalovskaya, and in 1957 - Orenburgskaya. Now it consists of 34 administrative districts.

b ) boundaries Orenburg region:

The northwestern part borders on Tatarstan

Northern part- with Bashkortostan

In the Northeast, with Chelyabinsk region

All Eastern and Southern parts - with Kazakhstan

Western part - with the Samara region

South - Western part - with the Saratov region.

Being located in the depths of the Eurasian continent, the Orenburg region is at the same time located in two parts of the world in Europe and Asia. The historical border between them within the region is drawn along the Ural River. In natural-historical terms, the Orenburg Territory is located in the center of Eurasia.

B. Territory of the Orenburg region It is represented by three main parts (according to external signs and features of the relief):

Part 1: Urals or Western Orenburg: from the western borders of the region to the valleys of the Bolshoi Ik and Urta-Burti rivers, it stretches for 300 km. This part is an elevated syrt plain with absolute heights from 260 to 400 m.

Part 2: Central Orenburg region (or mountains Southern Urals): this part is small. This is the narrowest section of its territory, located east of the river valleys of the Bolshoy Ik and Urta-Burti to the meridional segment of the Ural valley.

3 part: East End Orenburg region - Orenburg Trans-Urals or Ural - Tobolsk plateau: from the meridianally elongated valley of the Ural River to the borders with Kazakhstan. This part is an ancient plain, complicated by erosion (primary origin).

The Orenburg Trans-Urals is a wavy elevated plain. However, the flat relief is disturbed by low hilly ridges.

Conclusion: the western and eastern parts of the region developed in different geological conditions.

B. Modern relief of the Orenburg region It was formed as a result of a long-term erosion of the Ural folds and Cis-Ural syrt plains, as well as under the influence of the latest tectonic movements. In the west and east of the region, the relief is characterized by leveled interfluves and gentle slopes with low remnant ridges, and in the central part, on the interfluve of the Bolshoi Ik and Sakmara rivers, it is low mountains.

Almost the entire Western part of the region to the west of the Bolshoy Ik River belongs to the General Syrt (the highest point is Medvezhiy Lob - 405 m). This upland was formed as a result of young tectonic uplifts and erosional activity of rivers.

In the extreme North-West of the region, the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland adjoins the Common Syrt. In the South, the Common Syrt merges with the plain of the Caspian depression. To the east of the Bolshoi Ik and Burlya rivers is the Ural mountain country. central part Sakmara - Ural interfluve is occupied by a highland plain.

Mountains vary in height, shape, age, origin, geographic location etc. The article provides a description of the listed types of mountains.

Mountains by height

lowlands

Low mountains or low mountains - the height of the mountains is up to 800 meters above sea level.

Peculiarities:

The tops of the mountains are rounded, flat,
The slopes are gentle, not steep, overgrown with forest,
The presence of river valleys between the mountains is characteristic.

Examples: Northern Ural, spurs of the Tien Shan, some ranges of Transcaucasia, Khibiny on the Kola Peninsula, individual mountains of Central Europe.

Middle mountains

Middle mountains (medium or medium-altitude mountains) - the height of these mountains is from 800 to 3000 meters above sea level.

For medium-altitude mountains, altitudinal zonality is characteristic, i.e. change of landscape with a change in altitude.

Examples of medium mountains: Mountains of the Middle Urals, Polar Urals, mountains of the Novaya Zemlya island, mountains of Siberia and Far East, mountains of the Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas, Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe, Appalachians in North America and etc.

highlands

Highlands (high mountains) - the height of these mountains is more than 3000 meters above sea level. These are young mountains, the relief of which is intensively formed under the influence of external and internal processes.

Peculiarities:

The slopes of the mountains are steep, high,
The peaks of the mountains are sharp, peaked, have a specific name - "carlings",
The ridges of the mountains are narrow, jagged,
Characterized by altitudinal zonality from forests at the foot of the mountains to icy deserts at the peaks.

Examples: Pamir, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Himalayas, Cordillera, Andes, Alps, Karakorum, Rocky Mountains, etc.

Mountains in shape

According to the nature of the summit endings, mountains are: peak-shaped, dome-shaped, plateau-shaped, etc.

Peaked mountain peaks

The peaks of the mountains are the peaks of the mountains, shaped like peaks, from where the name of this species came from. mountain peaks. Inherent mainly in young mountains with steep rocky slopes, sharp ridges and deep crevices in river valleys.

Examples of peaked mountains:

Communism Peak ( mountain system- Pamir, height 7495 meters)
Pobeda Peak (Tian Shan mountain system, height 7439 meters)
Mount Kazbek (mountain system - Pamir, height 7134 meters)
Pushkin Peak (mountain system - Caucasus, height 5100 meters)

domed mountain peaks

Dome-shaped, that is, rounded, the shape of the top can take:

Laccoliths - not formed volcanoes in the form of a hill with a core of magma inside,
Extinct ancient heavily destroyed volcanoes,
Small areas of land that have undergone tectonic uplift of a domed character and, under the influence of erosion processes, have taken on a mountainous image.

Examples of mountains with a domed top:

Black Hills (USA). This area has undergone dome uplift and much of the sedimentary cover has been removed by further denudation and erosion. The central core was exposed as a result. It consists of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Ai-Nikola (Ukrainian Ai-Nikola, Crimean Tatar Ay Nikola, Ai Nikola) is a domed outcast mountain, the southeastern spur of Mount Mogabi near the western outskirts of the village of Oreanda. Composed of Upper Jurassic limestones. Height - 389 meters above sea level.
Kastel (Ukrainian Kastel, Crimean Tatar Qastel, Kastel) is a 439 m high mountain on the southern outskirts of Alushta, behind the Professor's Corner. The dome of the mountain is covered with a forest cap, and chaos has formed on the eastern slope - stone blocks, sometimes reaching 3-5 m in diameter.
Ayu-Dag or Bear Mountain (Ukrainian Ayu-Dag, Crimean Tatar Ayuv Dağ, Ayuv Dag) - a mountain on south coast Crimea, located on the border of Big Alushta and Big Yalta. The height of the mountain is 577 meters above sea level. This is a classic example of laccolith.
Kara-Dag (Ukrainian Kara-Dag, Crimean Tatar. Qara dağ, Kara dag) is a mountain-volcanic massif, Crimea. The maximum height is 577 m (Mount Svyataya). It is a strongly destroyed volcanic form with a domed top.
Mashuk is a remnant magmatic mountain (laccolith mountain) in the central part of Pyatigorye in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, in the north-eastern part of the city of Pyatigorsk. The height is 993.7 m. The top has a regular domed shape.

Plateau mountain peaks

The tops of mountains having a flat shape are called plateau-shaped.

Frontal ridge (English) front range listen)) is a mountain range in the southern part of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, adjoining the Great Plains from the west. The ridge stretches from south to north for 274 km. The highest point is Mount Grace Peak (4349 m). The ridge is composed mainly of granites. The peaks are plateau-like, the eastern slopes are gentle, the western slopes are steep.
Khibiny (kild. Umptec) is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields. At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny. The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).
Amba (translated from Amharic - Mountain fortress) - the name of flat-topped hills and mesas in Ethiopia. They consist mainly of horizontal sandstones and layers of basalt. This is what determines the flat-topped shape of the mountains. Ambas are located at an altitude of up to 4,500 m.

Mountains by age

By age, the mountains are divided into:

young mountains,
Old (ancient) mountains.

Young mountains were formed during the last 50 million years. In these mountain systems, internal processes are developing very actively, accompanied by the formation of mountains, earthquakes, sometimes even volcanic activity. The youngest mountains on Earth are mountains belonging to the mainland and island rings. Pacific Ocean. The Caucasus Mountains are recognized as the youngest mountains in Russia. Here is the most high mountain Russia - Elbrus (5642 m). (In the picture on the left: Himalayas - young mountains, geological age ca. 38 million years)

Features of young mountains:

the growth process of young mountains is still going on,
relief is sharp, strongly dissected,
peaks of the ridges are sharp,
the slopes of the mountains are steep and high,
high absolute heights,
significant amplitude of heights,
the valleys of numerous rivers are presented in the form of gorges, gorges,
young mountains are characterized by the development of glaciers.

Examples of young mountains are:

Alps,
Caucasian mountains,
Carpathians,
Kopet-Dag,
Pamir,
Mountains of Kamchatka.

Old (ancient) mountains are several hundred million years old. They differ in that the internal processes in them have long subsided, while the external ones, affecting the destruction of the mountains, are still active. This will continue until the relief is completely leveled. On many modern plains there are areas where, by all indications, there were once ancient mountains. From these mountains, only the roots, covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, remained in the depths.

Features of old (ancient) mountains:

were heavily damaged
have less contrasting relief,
elevation changes are small
gentle slopes,
the river valleys are well developed.

Examples of old (ancient) by age mountains are:

Ural Mountains,
Timan,
Yenisei Ridge,
Khibiny ( Kola Peninsula, a geological age of approximately 350 Ma).

Origin

Tectonic mountains are formed as a result of the collision of moving parts earth's crust- lithospheric plates. This collision causes the formation of folds on the surface of the earth. This is how folded mountains are formed. When interacting with air, water and under the influence of glaciers, the rock layers that form folded mountains lose their plasticity, which leads to the formation of cracks and faults. At present, folded mountains in their original form have been preserved only in certain parts of the young mountains - the Himalayas, formed in the era of Alpine folding.

With repeated movements of the earth's crust, the hardened folds of rock break into large blocks, which, under the influence of tectonic forces, rise or fall. So there are folded-block mountains. This type of mountains is typical for old (ancient) mountains. An example is the mountains of Altai. The emergence of these mountains fell on the Baikal and Caledonian epochs of mountain building, in the Hercynian and Mesozoic epochs they underwent repeated movements of the earth's crust. The type of folded-blocky mountains was finally accepted during the Alpine folding.

Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanic eruptions. They are usually located along the fault lines of the earth's crust or at the boundaries of the lithospheric plates.

Volcanic mountains are of two types:

Volcanic cones. These mountains acquired a cone-shaped appearance as a result of the eruption of magma through long cylindrical vents. This type of mountains is widespread throughout the world. These are Fujiyama in Japan, Mayon Mountains in the Philippines, Popocatepetl in Mexico, Misty in Peru, Shasta in California, etc.
Shield volcanoes. Formed by repeated outpouring of lava. They differ from volcanic cones in their asymmetrical shape and small size.

In the districts the globe where active volcanic activity takes place, whole chains of volcanoes can form. The most famous is the chain Hawaiian Islands of volcanic origin with a length of more than 1600 km. These islands are the peaks of underwater volcanoes, the height of which is more than 5500 meters from the surface of the ocean floor.

Erosive (denudation) mountains

Erosion mountains arose as a result of intensive dismemberment of layered plains, plateaus and plateaus by flowing waters. Most of the mountains of this type are characterized by a table shape and the presence of box-shaped and sometimes canyon-shaped valleys between them. The last type of valleys occurs most often when a lava plateau is dissected.

Examples of erosion (denudation) mountains are the mountains of the Central Siberian Plateau (Vilyui, Tungus, Ilim, etc.). Most often, erosional mountains can be found not in the form of separate mountain systems, but within mountain ranges, where they are formed by the dissection of rock layers by mountain rivers.

By geographic location

On this basis, it is customary to group mountains into mountain systems, ridges, mountain ranges and solitary mountains.

Mountain belts are the largest formations. Allocate the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt, stretching through Europe and Asia, and the Andean-Cordillera mountain belt, passing through North and South America.

Mountain country - many mountain systems.

Mountain system - mountain ranges and groups of mountains similar in origin and having the same age (for example, the Appalachians)

Mountain ranges - interconnected mountains, elongated in a line. For example, the mountains of Sangre de Cristo (North America).

Mountain groups - also interconnected mountains, but not elongated in a line, but forming a group of indefinite shape. For example, Mount Henry in Utah and Bear Po in Montana.

Solitary mountains - mountains not associated with other mountains, often of volcanic origin. For example, Mount Hood in Oregon and Rainier in Washington.

To date, it is the Khibiny mountains located on the Kola Peninsula belonging to Russian Federation, are considered the lowest mountain range in a country with the highest point in Mount Yudychmuvchorr, leaving behind such mountainous regions as the Urals, Sayan Mountains, the Caucasus and Altai.

So the maximum height of this mountain range is only slightly higher than 1200 meters above sea level, which automatically makes the Khibiny the lowest mountains in Russia. As for the Urals, it is mentioned when answering the question of which mountains are the lowest, for the simple reason that it is also famous for one of the lowest mountain systems in the Russian Federation. Thus, the height of the lowest mountain of this longest chain, which has exceeded two thousand kilometers in length, is only 423 meters above sea level (Moreiz Mountain, Pai-Khoi), while its highest peak (Narodnaya Mountain, Subpolar Urals) reaches 1895 meters . That is why the Urals can safely compete with the Khibiny as the lowest mountain system in the country.

At the same time, scientists write off "dwarfism" Ural mountains on their ancient age, believing that it was the inexorable processes of destruction that made them so. And such an assumption is quite reasonable, because the mountain system of the Urals was formed back in the Paleozoic period (the beginning of formation fell on the Devonian, while its completion took place in the Triassic), when widespread mountain building took place. It is noteworthy that this mountain range has an impressive length, but it can not boast large width, which at its maximum barely reaches 150 kilometers. Nevertheless, this mountain system has a huge amount of minerals, among which are such valuable minerals and metals as malachite, jasper, beryl, quartz, copper, pyrite, topaz, etc. But it was Ural malachite that was used to decorate such sights of the Russian Federations like the Hermitage and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Blood.

At the same time, the Khibiny do not have such an impressive reserve natural resources, representing an array consisting of plateau-like peaks, snowfields and glaciers. At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bthis system is almost twice the area of the Ural Mountains, occupying 1300 square kilometers, while the mountain range in the Urals in total stretches over 781 square kilometers. The Khibiny peaks remain snow-covered for a long period of time, which usually lasts from October to the early to mid-summer season. This feature is due to the rather harsh climate that persists in the middle of the massif, so the Khibiny are often affected by cyclones and sudden changes pressure, as a result of which, in their open areas, wind speeds can reach as much as fifty meters per second.

However, this mountain system also has one significant advantage - the nature of marvelous beauty, because in the period from August to September, when the Khibiny summer comes, you can admire such a miracle of nature as Northern Lights. On average, the polar night in these plateau-like mountains lasts up to 42 days, while the polar day has a slightly longer duration, estimated at 50 days. In summer, the temperature in the mountains rarely drops below ten degrees, although this factor has the opposite effect, which is expressed in increased humidity and frequent precipitation. So, up to 1600 millimeters of precipitation falls only on the plateau, while the valleys have half as much - up to 700 millimeters. At the same time, the Khibiny winter cannot be called dry, because even during this period snow continues to fall in the mountains or freezing rain, which has the property of spreading evenly over the entire surface. As for the Sayan Mountains, we are talking about two mountain systems at once - the Western and Eastern Sayan, which cross not only the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but also the northern regions of neighboring Mongolia.

The total length of these two mountain ranges does not exceed 1650 kilometers, while their height varies from two to almost three and a half thousand meters above sea level. As for the highest point of these third low mountains in Russia, it is Mount Munku-Sardyk (3 kilometers 491 meters), which is located in the Eastern Sayan.

Classification of mountains by height - low (height up to 1000 m) Khibiny (Russia, Kola Peninsula) Classification of mountains by height -
low (height up to 1000 m)
Khibiny
(Russia, Kola Peninsula)

Great Dividing Range (Australia)

Classification of mountains by height - medium (height 1000-2000 m) Ural

Classification of mountains by height medium (height 1000-2000 m)
Ural

Classification of mountains by height - high (more than 2000 m)

Classification of mountains by heighthigh (more than 2000 m)
Andes (South America)

Caucasus (Russia)

Mount Elbrus is the most high point
Caucasus and Russia

Himalayas
Chomolungma is the highest
Himalaya mountain

Cordillera

Altai (Russia)

Ural Mountains - a mountain system between
East European and West Siberian
plains. The length of the Ural Mountains is more than 2000
km, width from 40 to 150 km.
In ancient sources Ural mountains
called Riphean or
Hyperborean mountains. Russians
the pioneers called it the Stone.
The name Ural is from the Mansi "ur" (mountain).
The Ural Mountains were formed in the late
Paleozoic in the era of intense
orogeny (Hercynian folding).

Mount Narodnaya is the highest peak (1895 m) of the Urals. Discovered by the geologist A. N. Aleshkov in 1927. The mountain itself is not distinguished by anything other than its height.

Mount Narodnaya - highest peak
(1895 m) Ural. Discovered by geologist A.
N. Aleshkov in 1927
The mountain itself is nothing but its height,
does not stand out from the background
its mountains of the Subpolar Urals.
Characterized by the presence of carr and
circuses, in the depths
which lie lakes. Available
glaciers and snowfields.

Mt. Ermak is a rocky massif (mountain) located in the Kungur region, Perm Territory. At the foot of the river Sylva flows. The rock is mostly

Mountain
Ermak
rocky massif (mountain), located in Kungur
area, Perm Territory
At the foot of the river flows Sylva.
The rock is composed mainly of limestone. Yermak
three peaks, Ermak, Ermachikha, Ermachenok, all of them
have different heights. There is a cave in the mountain.
Giving says that in ancient times Yermak
Timofeevich spent the winter in this cave and allegedly
hid treasure there.
Ermak stone is very popular
place for tourists.

the rock Maryin Utes is located in the Uinsky district of the Perm Territory on the Iren River

Vetlan Vetlan stone - rock outcrops on the Vishera River, near the city of Krasnovishersk in the Perm Territory. Since 1981 it has been a protected landsha

Vetlan
Vetlan stone - rock outcrops on the Vishera River,
near the city of Krasnovishersk in the Perm region.
Since 1981 it has been a protected landscape
regional significance.
The stone is almost sheer
wall stretched along the Vishera River by 1750
meters. The height of the rocks reaches 100 meters.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Vetlan stone, a large
number of different plants, 15 of which
listed in the Red Book.

Tulymsky stone Tulymsky stone is the highest point of the Perm region, located in the basin of the river. Vishera. Length 35 km. Altitude up to 1377 m.

Tulymsky
stone
Tulymsky stone is the highest point
Perm region, located in the basin of the river.
Vishera. Length 35 km. Altitude up to 1377 m.
Composed of conglomerates and sandstones.
The top is flattened, with rocky
remnants.

Volch and ha Volchikha, the highest mountain in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg (height 526m). The mountain is located near the cities of Pervouralsk and the city of Revda. Skalis

She-wolf
Volchikha, the highest mountain in the vicinity
Yekaterinburg (height 526m). The mountain is located
near the city of Pervouralsk and the city of Revda. rocky
the top of Volchikha rises above the forest.
In the direction of Revda and Pervouarlsk, in
windless weather, valley at the foot of the mountain
well viewed.
Volchikhinskoye is also well visible.
reservoir and bends of the Chusovaya river. Also
you can see the top of Mt. Belaya (527m.)

What are the low mountains? Name and height! Up to 1000m and got the best answer

Answer from Amazon[guru]

The low-mountain regions of Kazakhstan include Saryarka (500-600m), Mugodzhary (the highest place is Big Boktybay 657 m). and Mangystau mountains. The highest point of the Mangystau Mountains in the Karatau Range is Besshoky (556 m).

Answer from Marina[newbie]
LOW-MOUNTAIN TYPE OF RELIEF, Low mountains - the relief of low (up to 1000 m) mountains, characterized by predominantly soft outlines and usually distributed along the periphery of mountainous countries.
Mountain ranges of the Northwestern Caucasus, the Middle Urals and the Khibiny.
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains: the oldest and lowest - the highest mountain, Lysica, rises only 612 m above sea level

Answer from Polina Bespalova[newbie]
LOW-MOUNTAIN TYPE OF RELIEF, Low mountains - the relief of low (up to 1000 m) mountains, characterized by predominantly soft outlines and usually distributed along the periphery of mountainous countries.
Mountain ranges of the Northwestern Caucasus, the Middle Urals and the Khibiny.
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains: the oldest and lowest - the highest mountain, Lysica, rises only 612 m above sea level
The low-mountain regions of Kazakhstan include Saryarka (500-600m), Mugodzhary (the highest place is Big Boktybay 657 m). and Mangystau mountains. The highest point of the Mangystau Mountains in the Karatau Range is Besshoky (556 m).

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

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