A geyser is a natural phenomenon, which is a source that periodically ejects hot water and steam under pressure in the form of a fountain. The temperature of the ejected water sometimes reaches up to 100 degrees. The name of this amazing phenomenon nature gave in honor of the name of one of the oldest known geysers in Iceland - Gelsir. The formation of geysers is associated with volcanic activity. They occur in places where very close to the surface of the earth is magma that has not cooled down after the eruption, which emits a large number of steam and gases rising up through accessible channels and cracks. These gases and steam enter the caves filled with underground waters, which have arisen during volcanic eruptions, heat these inputs, and mix with them. Further, the heated lower layer of this water rushes up and is thrown to the surface along the channels and cracks found. The geyser stops flowing when underground caves run out of water. But when the groundwater fills these caves again and heats up to the required temperature, there will be another eruption.
Geysers, hot springs and mineral springs are the last echoes of formidable volcanic activity.
Geysers are springs in which eruptions of boiling water occur at regular intervals. With an explosion and a roar, a huge column of boiling water, shrouded in thick clouds of steam, flies up in a large fountain, sometimes reaching 80 m.
The fountain beats for a while, then the water disappears, the clouds of steam dissipate, and a state of rest sets in.
Some geysers throw water very low or just spray it. There are hot springs, similar to puddles, in which the water boils with bubbles. Usually around the geyser there is a pool, or a shallow crater, the diameter of which reaches several meters. The edges of such a pool and the area adjacent to it are covered with deposits of silica contained in boiling water. These deposits are called geyserite. Near some geysers, cones of geyserite are formed from a few centimeters to several meters high.
Immediately after the eruption of the geyser, the pool is freed from water, and at the bottom of it you can see a channel (vent) filled with water, going deep underground.
Before the beginning of the eruption, the water rises, slowly fills the pool, boils, splashes, then with an explosion, a fountain of boiling water flies high.
Geysers are a very rare and beautiful natural phenomenon. It can be observed here (in Kamchatka), in Iceland, in New Zealand and North America. Small solitary geysers are found in some other volcanic areas.
In the eastern part of Kamchatka, south of Lake Kronotskoye, there are many geysers in the valley of the river. Geyser. The river starts on the lifeless slopes extinct volcano Kikhpinych and in the lower reaches forms a valley up to 3 km wide. On the ledges of the slopes of this valley there are many hot springs, hot and warm lakes, mud pots and geysers.
About 20 large geysers are known here, not counting the small ones that splash out water only a few centimeters. Near some of them, the soil is warm, and sometimes even hot.
Many geysers are surrounded by streaks of multi-colored geyserite of bizarre shapes, similar to beautiful artificial lattices. Sometimes geyserite covers areas of several tens of square meters. So, for example, near the largest Kamchatka geyser - the "Giant", throwing out a huge fountain to a height of several tens of meters, a geyserite site of about a hectare was formed. It is all covered with streaks in the form of small stone rosettes of a grayish-yellow color.
Geyser eruption. Photo: Geoffrey Plauche
Geyser in section. The dashes show water, the circles show gases.
Nearby is the geyser "Pearl", named after the shape and color of the geyserite deposits: with a mother-of-pearl tint, similar to pearls. There is a geyser "Sakharny" with abundant and beautiful deposits of pale pink geyserite. This is a pulsating source, the water from it is not thrown out by a fountain, but splashes out in uniform shocks.
Geyser "Pervenets" is located on a rocky hot area almost on the very bank of the river. Noisy, near the mouth of the river. Geyser. The “Firstborn” pool, about one and a half meters in diameter and the same depth, is surrounded by large blocks of stones. If you look into the pool immediately after the eruption, you can see that there is absolutely no water in it, and at the bottom there is a hole, or a channel that goes obliquely into the depths. After some time, a rumble is heard from under the ground, similar to the noise of a motor: water begins to rise through the channel, gradually filling the pool. It boils, reaches the edges of the pool, rises higher and higher, splashes out and, finally, with an explosion, an obliquely directed column of boiling water bursts out, shrouded in thick clouds of steam. The fountain rises to a height of at least 15-20 m. It beats for two or three minutes, then silence sets in, the steam dissipates, and you can again look into the empty pool without risk. After a short period of time, a rumble is heard again and the geyser begins to act again.
Iceland has long been famous for its hot springs, boiling rivers and geysers. In the valleys of almost all its rivers, rising clouds of steam from boiling springs and geysers are visible. They are especially numerous in the southwestern part of the island. It is interesting to see the famous "Big Geyser" there. Its pool is about 18 m in diameter. The smooth bottom of the pool in the center passes into a rounded crater about 3 m in diameter, similar in shape to the bell of a Pioneer forge.
The channel of the geyser goes to a great depth, connecting underground with cracks with caves, periodically filled with hot water and steam.
The water temperature in the geyser on the surface is up to 80°, and in the channel at a certain depth up to 120°.
The eruption of the "Great Geyser" is very beautiful. It is repeated every 20-30 hours and lasts 2.5-3 hours. "Big Geyser" gushing to a height of up to 30 m.
The harsh nature of Iceland makes the inhabitants use some of the hot springs to irrigate their fields. Vegetables and cereals are grown on heated soils. Hot water sources are also used for heating houses in cities and towns. For example, the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik, is completely heated by hot springs.
Until 1904, the Waimangu geyser operated on the North Island of New Zealand. It was the largest geyser in the world. During a strong eruption, its jet was thrown into the air at 450 m. But now this geyser has completely disappeared. This is explained by a decrease of 11 m in the water level in the nearest lake. Taravera.
On the shore of the lake Waikato ( New Zealand) there is a geyser "Crows Nest" ("Crow's Nest"), the eruption of which depends on the water level in the lake. If the water is high, then the geyser erupts every 40 minutes, if the water level is low, the eruption occurs after 2 hours.
Numerous and varied hot springs and geysers are located in North America on the border of the states of Wyoming and Montana. This picturesque place, surrounded by high snowy ridges of the Rocky Mountains, is called Yellowstone National Park. It is a high plateau, cut by deep river valleys and lake depressions.
Several million years ago, very strong volcanic eruptions took place here, after which this amazing corner nature. Of the 200 geysers in Yellowstone Park, the Old Faithful is considered the most famous. For many hundreds of years, it does not stop its activity, as well as some other geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone Park.
Imagine what a huge amount of heat these geysers and hot springs bring to the surface of the Earth! It is estimated that the heat from all sources in Yellowstone Park can melt about 3 tons of ice per second.
Where does this heat come from?
Geysers occur in areas where uncooled magma lies near the earth's surface. The gases and vapors released from it, rising, go a long way along the cracks. At the same time, they mix with groundwater, heat it up and themselves turn into hot water with various substances dissolved in it. Such water comes to the surface of the earth in the form of seething combustible springs, various mineral springs, geysers, etc.
Scientists suggest that underground the geyser consists of caves (chambers) and passages connecting them, cracks and channels found in frozen lava flows. These caves are filled with circulating underground waters, at a shallow depth from which there are uncooled magma chambers.
The eruption of geysers occurs in different ways, depending on the size of underground chambers, on the shape of the channels and the location of cracks through which heat flows from the depths of the bowels, on the amount and speed of groundwater inflow. It is known from physics that the boiling point of water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere at sea level is 100 °. If the pressure increases, the boiling point rises,
and as the pressure decreases, it decreases. The pressure of the water column in the geyser channel raises the boiling point of the water at the bottom of the channel. Water when heated from below comes into motion; the heated lower layer of water becomes less dense and rises to the surface, while colder water from the surface descends, where, warming up, it rises in turn, etc. Thus, vapors and gases continuously seeping through cracks from the depth warm water, bringing to a boil.
If the geyser channel is wide and has a more or less regular shape, the water, moving (circulating), mixes, boils and splashes to the surface in the form of a hot spring. If the channel is winding and narrow, the water cannot mix and heats up unevenly. Due to the pressure from above the water column below, the water is superheated and does not turn into steam. Steam is released in separate bubbles. Accumulating below, the compressed steam tends to expand, presses on the upper layer of water in the channel and raises it so much that it splashes onto the Earth's surface in small fountains - precursors of an eruption. Splashing water reduces the weight of the water column in the channel; consequently, the pressure at depth decreases and superheated water, being above the boiling point, instantly turns into steam. The steam pressure from below is so great that it pushes water out of the canal in the form of huge fountains of boiling water and puffs of steam.
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Description
Geysers can take the form of small truncated cones with fairly steep slopes, low, very gentle domes, small bowl-shaped depressions, hollows, irregularly shaped pits, etc.; in their bottom or walls there are outlets of tubular or slit-like channels.
The activity of a geyser is characterized by periodic recurrence of dormancy, filling the hollow with water, spouting of a steam-water mixture and intense steam emissions, gradually giving way to their calm release, cessation of steam release and the onset of a dormant stage.
There are regular and irregular geysers. For the former, the duration of the cycle as a whole and its individual stages is almost constant, for the latter it is variable, for different geysers the duration of individual stages is measured in minutes and tens of minutes, the rest stage lasts from several minutes to several hours or days.
The chemical composition of water
The water emitted by the geyser is relatively clean, slightly mineralized (1-2 grams per liter), in terms of chemical composition it is sodium chloride or chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium, containing a relatively large amount of silica, from which near the exit of the channel and on the slopes a rock close to opal is formed - geyserite. The main mass of the geyser's water is of atmospheric origin, possibly with an admixture of magmatic water. The activity of the geyser as a whole is relatively short-term and depends on a number of conditions - a decrease in heat flow, cessation of groundwater movement near the channels, etc.
Education and principle of action
There are a number of hypotheses regarding the formation and periodic activity of geysers. According to the updated data of V. V. Averyev, A. S. Nekhoroshev and V. M. Sugrobov, a necessary condition for the existence of a geyser is its replenishment in the near-surface parts of the channel with superheated waters with a temperature of over 100 ° C. When water rises up the channel, its pressure decreases and the water boils; at the same time, the elasticity of the resulting steam rapidly increases, which, overcoming the water pressure in the channel, throws water out. With the beginning of the geyser spouting, all the water in the channel boils and erupts due to a significant increase in the volume of the steam-water mixture.
The ejected water, somewhat cooled, partially falls back into the bosom of the geyser and again enters its channel. Most of the water seeps into the channel from side rocks, heats up (and overheats in the lower parts of the channel), and steam is again formed and the steam-water mixture is released.
Location
Geysers are known:
in Kamchatka in Iceland ("country of geysers") in North America in New Zealand in Japan in China. Famous geysers
Large geysers in Kamchatka were discovered in 1941. in the valley of the Geysernaya River (Valley of Geysers), near the Kikhpinych volcano. In total, there are about 100 geysers in Kamchatka. Of these, about 20 are large, in terms of size and strength of eruptions, they are not inferior to the active geysers in Iceland, the Yellowstone National Park in the USA and New Zealand. The largest geyser in Kamchatka is the Giant, throwing out jets of water 40 meters high and steam several hundred meters high.
There are about 30 geysers in Iceland, among which the Jumping Witch (Grilla) stands out, spewing a steam-water mixture to a height of 15 meters approximately every 2 hours.
Among the geysers of Yellowstone National Park (about 200), the largest are Giant and Old Faithful. The first emits steam and water to a height of up to 40 meters with a period of 3 days, the second - to a height of 42 meters every 53-70 minutes.
The powerful and most beautiful geyser in New Zealand - Tetarata, which was located on a terraced hill of pink siliceous tuff, disappeared during the eruption of the Tarawera volcano in 1886.
Another New Zealand geyser - Waimangu - the largest and most powerful on Earth - acted irregularly with a period of 5 to 30 hours from 1899 to 1904. He threw out about 800 tons of water with each eruption, and the stones captured by the jet rose to a height of 457 meters. The action of the geyser ceased due to a drop of 11 meters in the water level in the neighboring lake Tarawera. Of the modern New Zealand geysers, Pohutu stands out, periodically gushing to a height of 20 meters.
OBZh grade 6
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"Consequences of drugs" - Influence on a person. Young woman. Types of psychotropic substances. Drug experience. Spread the word to teenagers. Age of onset of addiction. Extensive bleeding. Ecstasy. LSD. Drugs and age. Reasons for drug use. For a world without drugs. Nasvay.
"Prevention of bad habits in adolescents" - It is necessary to actively carry out preventive work. What will tomorrow be like for our youth. Give up bad habits yourself. Conducting role-playing games. Irreparable harm. What should parents do in such a situation? desire to demonstrate. People are pathologically dependent on their bad habits. Parents about bad habits of teenagers. What issues should be discussed first? Where does all this come from.
"Volcanic eruptions" - Types of volcanoes. A. New Zealand. Volcanoes, about the eruption of which no information has been preserved in the history of mankind, are called? Drawings of volcanoes. Cotopaxi. Lava. A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano? Lullaillaco. Iceland. Define geographical coordinates famous volcanoes. Ingestion of the smallest particles of ash into the lungs leads to the loss of livestock. Erupted magma is called? Why study volcanoes?
"Injuries at school" - So that there are no injuries at school. At the technology lesson.
A group of schoolchildren. Change games. Before gym class. How many schoolchildren suffered because of the footboard. "School" injuries. Moving to another office. After lessons. How to prevent injury. Turn. Games.
"Fire Safety Quiz" - Charles Perrault "Sleeping Beauty". Firefighters. What was the name of the head of the fire brigade in the 19th century. Fire safety. Do not try to run out of the house. Fire is one of the greatest wonders of nature. Warm up. What was the name of the fighter. G.Kh.Andersen “Flint”. Lazar Lagin "Old Man Hottabych". S. Mikhalkov "Uncle Styopa." Strictly observe the firefighters' rules. The first fire brigade in Moscow was created in the twenties.
In total, there are 17 presentations in the topic "OBZH Grade 6"
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Geysers of Kamchatka
A geyser is a thermal spring that periodically erupts hot water and steam. Types of eruptions range from a fountain to bursts, from an inclined jet to a regular stream. The operating mode of the geyser is always different and may change. If the eruption of water occurs continuously, it is not called a geyser. Another name for a geyser is a pulsating spring. Since the 19th century, 2 models of geyser devices have been known - this is a chamber model and a borehole model.
There are 4 stages of the geyser. Some of them include all stages. The first is called filling: after the geyser spouts water, it begins to accumulate again, this stage ends when the channel is filled and ready to erupt. This mode can reach several hours. The second is an outflow. Under the pressure of steam at depth and heating of the lower layers of water, which tends to the top, water is pushed to the surface. The next stage is the eruption. When the intensity of boiling in a narrow channel reaches its apogee, the water is forcefully pushed to the surface. The fourth stage of soaring. After pushing all the water to the surface, the remaining boiling water inside the geyser continues to be active, due to which the geyser can release steam from the gryphon for some time.
Names of geysers in Kamchatka
Some geysers are named according to their mode of operation, as well as according to the type, structure and amount of ejection: Fountain, Shroud, Fickle, Horizontal, Weeping, Eight, Pink Cone, etc. In sum, central part The Valley of Geysers has 26 named geysers. Here are some of them:
Geyser Averevsky
Considered the most active geyser in the valley. The discharge capacity per day is about 1000 m3. This handsome man is located on a separate site near the geyser ensemble Vitrazh. The height of the jet reaches 5 m.
The geyser was discovered and named in the 70s in honor of Valery Averyev, a famous volcanologist who made a great contribution to the development of the Kronotsky Reserve, as well as the study of the hydrothermal sites of the valley.
Geyser Big
The largest geyser in the valley accessible to tourists. Spouting a fountain of boiling water up to 10 m high, the pillars of its subsequent steam can lift up to 200 m.
Its eruptions can be observed every hour. Located in convenient location for review.
After the historical landslide in 2007, the Bolshoy geyser was flooded and stopped its activity for 3 months. The manifestation of activity, noticed later, was the result of the activities of volunteers who manually cleared blockages of stones, thereby freeing the geyser from filling with water.
According to T. Ustinova, the eruption of the Bolshoi geyser was majestic picture. Its ejections were accompanied by a roar and huge puffs of steam.
Geyser Giant
The largest geyser with a constant mode of operation. The column of boiling water reaches 35 m in a very short time. The site on which the Giant is located is strewn with geyserite, small streams, algae and small hot springs. The period of its eruptions is 5-7 hours, and therefore it is a great success to observe its eruption during the excursion.
Geyser Giant has a certain peculiarity in its work. The so-called "false urges" at work. Some time before the "real" eruption, the geyser ejects jets of boiling water to a height of 2 m, which can be repeated up to several times, before a large ejection.
Hell Gate Geyser
This geyser is interesting not only for its name, but also appearance. Presenting 2 big holes in the ground, it is constantly shrouded in steam, and low-frequency noise and muffled “sighs” are heard from its black depths.
Geyser Horizontal
The most remote geyser from the excursion trail. Having an irregular shape, it is located on the steep bank of the Geysernaya River, and the jets of its eruption pass at an angle of 45 degrees.
Geyser Grotto
Wrapped in mysticism and puffs of steam, this geyser is the most mysterious in the valley. It is located on the ledge of the Vitrazh geyser complex. The appearance of its eruptions was rumored for a long time until they were captured on camera. After that, it was recognized as a geyser with very rare types of eruptions.
Its ejections are a horizontal jet of water, which, through a roar and a roar, beats from its cave, blocking the entire stained-glass window, and washing away the soil on the opposite bank. The jet length reaches 60 m.
Geyser Pearl
The most beautiful geyser of the valley. Its eruptions are represented by the correct form, and large splashes shimmer in the sun. The geyser itself is shrouded in a stone building, which is covered with gray geyserite, resembling pearls. Even the most inexperienced photographer will be able to capture the beauty of this source.
Geyser Fortress
This geyser is famous for the fact that before the 2007 landslide, its mode of operation could be called a pulsating source.
Geyser Fickle
It is part of the Vitrazh geyser complex and is one of the largest on its slope. Its structure is a narrow gap, and eruptions are known as wide and powerful splashes of water from its left side. Based on the name, its mode of operation is unstable and changes every 5 minutes.
Geyser Firstborn
The name speaks for itself. The discovery of the Valley of Geysers began with him, in the spring of 1941, by geologist T. Ustinova and her assistant Anisofor Krupenin during the study of the upper reaches of the Shumnaya River.
Until the 2007 landslide, it was considered the largest geyser in the Valley. The mode of his work varied from 40 minutes to 2 hours. After the detrital mud came off, the work of the geyser was stopped, and independently restored only in 2011.
Geyser Fountain
The largest geyser of Vitrazh. A stable operating mode of 4 minutes and a stable jet height of 10 m. According to T. Ustinova, the Fountain was previously considered "the most beautiful geyser in the valley."
Geyser Shaman
The only geyser of its kind, located 16 km from the valley, in the caldera of the Uzon volcano. The caldera of the volcano in its history had no mention of geysers. Only in 2008, rumors began to circulate about the appearance of the first of these. In 2009, the presence of a geyser in the caldera was confirmed, the cause of which has not been disclosed to this day. The operating mode of the geyser changed in 2010 and 2011.
Geyser Shaman is known for its first working names Cool and Muddy.
Also among the 26 geysers are: Bastion, Bubbling, Bathtub, Pretender, Upper, Gosha, Double, Cauldrons, New Fountain, Soaring, Weeping, Shroud, Five Minutes, Pink Cone, Slit.
You can capture the eruptions of the water column and listen to the roar of groundwater in the following programs
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A geyser is a source that periodically ejects a fountain of hot water and steam
Under hydrostatic pressure, water in underground voids gradually heats up to 100°C. When the critical temperature is reached, it boils.
The resulting steam is noisily ejected from the geyser, dragging the boiling water along with it.
Geyser Strokkur (Isl. Strokkur) in Iceland
Located in the southeastern part of Iceland in a geothermal region near the Hvitau River
Spews water to a height of 10-20 meters (sometimes up to 40 meters)
Erupts every 2-6 minutes
Coordinates - 64°18′46.55″ s. sh. 20°18′03.48″ W d.
Geysir geyser in Iceland
Erupts up to 60 meters high
Geysir can be dormant for years. During periods of calm, the Geysir geyser takes the form of a green lake with a diameter of 18 meters and a depth of 1.2 meters.
In 1910, Geysir actively erupted every thirty minutes, but five years later, the time between eruptions increased to 6 hours and in 1916 the eruptions almost stopped.
Coordinates: 64°19′00.05″ s. sh. 20°17′59.64″ W d.
In 1935, Geysir was brought back to life by creating an artificial channel around the geyser. However, its activity again did not last long, so the channel gradually clogged with quartz. But after another cleanup of the channel in 1981, Geysir eruptions continued. They were sometimes stimulated by adding soap to the canal, but due to potential environmental hardships, this practice was put on hold. Now soap is added only on June 17 - Iceland's National Day, to stimulate a powerful release of hot water and steam from the bowels of the earth.
Valley of Geysers in New Zealand
Located near Rotorua, North Island, New Zealand
There are about 60 geysers in total.
Geyser Pohutu (Pohutu Geyser) - the most powerful
Located on the eastern outskirts of Rotorua
Coordinates - 38° 8"31.61"S 176°15"35.13"E
Every 20 minutes, a fountain of hot water bursts out of its crater with a diameter of 50 cm to a height of 30 m. The eruption lasts for an hour, sometimes longer.
Lady Knox Geyser
Located in the Wai-O-Tapu region, 26 km south-southeast of Rotorua
The eruption of the geyser is caused artificially (by pouring a soapy solution into the mouth of the geyser) every day at 10:15 am
Coordinates - 38°21′03″ S sh. 176°22′37″ E d.
Valley of Geysers in Russia
It is located in Kamchatka, at the confluence of the Geysernaya and Shumnaya rivers.
The Valley of Geysers was discovered in 1941
Temperature of water and steam in fountains - more than 95 °C
Coordinates - 54°25′50″ s. sh. 160°08′22″ in. d
The Valley of Geysers was severely damaged by a landslide on June 3, 2007. About half of the geysers were blocked by a debris avalanche and flooded by a dammed lake.
In total, before the mudflow on June 3, 2007, there were about 100 geysers in Kamchatka (about 20 of them are large), now there are about 40 left.
The last eruption of the Maly geyser. Now the griffin of the geyser is 12 meters under water
The thickest section of the landslide is about 60 meters. Geysers Triple, Sugar, Neighbor remained under it.
Fly Geyser in the USA
Located in the desert Black Rock in northwestern Nevada
The geyser consists of 3 cones of 1.5 meters each.
In 1916, a well was drilled in these places for a well, but a geothermal pocket was accidentally pierced. And only in 1964, boiling water began to penetrate the surface, creating an unusual landscape from minerals dissolving in water.
Coordinates - 40°51′34″ s. sh. 119°19′55″ W d.
Geysers in national park"Yellowstone", USA
The park is located in the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho.
There are over 200 geysers and hot springs in the park.
Geyser Giant (Giant Geyser)
Coordinates - 44°28"14.62"N 110°50"27.00"W
Every 4 days throws 370 tons of water to a height of 90 meters
The eruptions of the Giant last for almost forty minutes, and after the end of his work, the river flowing nearby, overflowing, overflows its banks and almost doubles in size.
Geyser "Old Faithful Geyser"
Coordinates - 44°27"37.88"N 110°49"42.19"W
Every 1.5 hours, the geyser ejects 14-32 tons of water to a height of 55 meters for 1.5-5 minutes
Geysers are underground sources, the hot waters of which break out of the ground to the surface, creating real natural fountains. Most of them arose as a result of volcanic activity. Magma heats groundwater, which, boiling, bursts under pressure to the surface of the earth.
Some geysers may disappear due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or as a result of human activity. For example, the geyser fields of Nevada disappeared after the construction of a geothermal power plant near them. natural conditions, suitable for the occurrence of geysers, exist only in a few places on the planet, the most interesting of which are presented below.
Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming
In the US, it is considered the true realm of geothermal wonders. On its territory there are thousands of hot springs and about five hundred geysers, which is about half of their total number on the planet. Yellowstone is a massive supervolcano caldera that will erupt someday. This is a huge reservoir of magma that heats all the hot springs and geysers of the park and constantly maintains their geothermal activity.
Yellowstone geysers are located in nine natural pools, the most popular of which is the Upper Geyser Basin. Most of the most famous geysers in the world are located here. The only exception is the steamer geyser, which has a height of 90 m and is the highest in the world. It can lie dormant for years, giving only occasional small jets, and it is rather difficult to predict its activity. All other geysers, which will be discussed below, are located in the basin of the Upper Geyser.
Geyser Old Faithful is incredibly predictable. He steadily throws water columns into the air every 1.5 hours. The eruption lasts from 1.5 to 5 minutes, and the height of the water column reaches more than 30 m. This is one of the most popular attractions in Yellowstone.
Beehive Geyser throws out water jets up to 60 meters high every 10-20 hours. Each burst lasts up to 5 minutes. Geyser Castle throws out columns of water every 10-12 hours. As a rule, its emissions last up to 20 minutes, followed by 30-40 minutes of noise vapor. The height of the water ejection reaches 27 m.
The Big Geyser (Geysir) erupts every 7-15 hours and is one of the most predictable, regularly throwing out columns of water up to 90 m high. Each of its eruption lasts from 9 to 12 minutes. The giant geyser is a spectacular sight, but completely unpredictable. Between its emissions can take from a few days to a couple of years. But when this happens, for an hour you can watch columns of water soaring to a height of up to 75 m.
Giantess Geyser erupts two to six times a year, but is impressive in its power and height, usually reaching 30 to 60 m. Daisy Geyser is one of the most predictable in Yellowstone Park. Its eruptions occur every 2-4 hours and last from three to five minutes, reaching a height of 23 m. No less predictable is the Coastal Geyser, which erupts every 5-7 hours for 20 minutes and reaches a height of 23 m. The water forms an arch over the Fire River park, which can cause the appearance of amazing rainbows.
Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka
These geyser fields are located on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia and are second in the world after Yellowstone in terms of the number of geysers. The Valley of Geysers also hosts other objects of geothermal activity: boiling hot springs, hot lakes, mud volcanoes and cone-shaped mud pyramids. This landmark of Russia is part of the Kronotsky Reserve.
In total, there are about 90 geysers in this region, the activity of which is supported by the magma of the Kikhpinych stratovolcano. At the foot of the mountain is Death Valley, which got its name because of the poisonous gases that are emitted by the volcano and destroy all life in the vicinity.
The only way to get to the Valley of Geysers is by helicopter, since this attraction has the most remote and hard to reach place location. Geyser fields in Kamchatka were discovered only after 1941. Until 1972, they remained unexplored. Under favorable conditions, several thousand tourists visit this remote region of Russia every year.
In 2007, as a result of a large-scale landslide, more than two thirds of the territory of the valley was destroyed. Seven geysers disappeared. In this regard, the Valley of Geysers now has a modified landscape compared to what it was before 2007. The landslide even changed the course of the Geyser River, which flows through the valley.
Chilean geyser field El Tatio
The third largest treasure trove of geysers is located high in the Andes in northern Chile at an altitude of 4200 m. Tall geysers are not characteristic of this geyser field. The height of the eruptions almost never exceeds 1 m. Of the observations of the activity of 80 geysers, only one case was recorded when the height of the water columns reached 6 m.
This region is very popular among tourists who visit the Atacama Desert located to the west of the geyser field and the nearby city of San Pedro de Atacama. Near the latter is Montoraki Crater, the most famous meteorite crater in South America.
The Chilean government was developing plans to build a geothermal plant in the vicinity of the El Tatio geyser field. This could be the reason for the disappearance of popular geysers, so the Chileans actively opposed the implementation of the idea. As a result, the construction of the geothermal plant was suspended in 2009.
Taupo geothermal area in New Zealand
On the North Island of New Zealand there is an active volcanic zone, the center of which is Lake Taupo. It is located in the caldera of one of the largest supervolcanoes. To the northeast of Taupo is the Tarawera Volcano, whose massive eruption in 1886 killed more than a hundred people.
Some of the most spectacular geysers in the Taupo zone have been destroyed by the creation of geothermal and hydroelectric power plants. But, fortunately, some of them still survived. The Waimangu geyser, previously considered the largest in the world, was also discovered here, which ceased to function as a result of a landslide in 1904.
A year earlier, several tourists watching the Waimangu eruption died because they were too close to it. Its waters flew up to 150 m into the air, and sometimes the height of the water columns reached 450 m. Below are several noteworthy geysers that are still functioning.
The Lady Knox Geyser is located in the Waiotapu region, between Lake Taupo and Tarawera volcano. Every day at 10:15, he throws a jet of water into the air, reaching 20 meters. Eruptions can last over an hour. Prisoners who washed their clothes here at the dawn of the 20th century found that when soap was added to the water, eruptions occurred more frequently. Pohutu Geyser near the city of Rotorua can erupt up to 20 times a day. The height of its emissions can reach 30 m.
Geysers of Iceland
Iceland has a number of active volcanoes, and landscapes are largely determined by geothermal activity. Here you can admire the most impressive geysers in the world. The very name of this miracle of nature comes from the Icelandic Geysir - the first geyser known to Europeans, the discovery of which took place in the 13th century.
It is also sometimes called the Great Geysir. Translated from Icelandic, "Geysir" means "gush". This Icelandic geyser is located on the southwestern outskirts of the country. Over the centuries, it has been distinguished by a large number of eruptions. More recently, there were up to three eruptions of Geysir per day, which reached 60 m. Previously, the height of its pillars reached 120 m.
Another most famous geyser in Iceland is Strokkur, whose name translates as "foam". It erupts every 4-8 minutes, throwing water columns from 15 to 20 m high into the air. This is one of the most stable geysers in the world, which is especially popular among tourists.
Iceland is one of the northernmost and most successful countries in the world. Its small population fully satisfies its needs through fishing and energy, built on the hydrothermal energy of geysers and volcanoes. Visiting the country of geysers is a dream of many travelers. Harsh attracts not only with stunning beauty, but also with amazing opportunities.
First impression
Iceland is a country of geysers and volcanoes. Literally translated as "country of ice". This Island state with a small mono-ethnic population - approximately 322 thousand inhabitants (as of 2016). The bulk is concentrated in cities, which can be reached by water, air and highways. The middle part of the country is practically deserted, it is occupied by vast glaciers, geysers, volcanoes, etc.
Icelandic is one of the oldest languages in the world. It is directly related to the language of the Vikings, who owned this island back in the 8th-9th centuries. The desire to preserve is enshrined at the state level. Instead of foreign concepts that easily come into use, they come up with their own, which have common roots with the Icelandic and Old Norse languages (part of linguistic purism), thus consolidating their own traditions.
The nature of Iceland is amazing. It is she who attracts travelers from all over the world. V historical chronicles the island was described as wooded mountains on the seashore, but over time, the forests almost disappeared, giving way to mountains and glaciers. Vegetation today occupies only a quarter of the island, the rest is a land of ice, fire and geysers.
Cities
The largest cities in the country of geysers are Reykjavik, Kopavogur, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordur, Akranes, Husavik, Seydisfjordur. With just over 202,000 inhabitants, Reykjavik, the capital, is the country's most populous city. There are also those where the population does not exceed a thousand.
Reykjavik is the most northern capital Europe, literally translated as "bay of smoke." Founded and named by the Vikings, it surprises with the proximity of thermal waters, geysers and a snow dormant volcano with legendary history- Esya. That's enough modern city the latest technologies are combined with ethnographic buildings and a measured lifestyle of urban residents. Moderate temperature, the proximity of glaciers and the presence of thermal springs make this place attractive for those who strengthen their health by swimming in water of different temperatures. And for the locals thermal springs- open year-round swimming pool, where you can hold business negotiations or just enjoy your stay in the healing water.
Volcanoes
Most tourists who come to the land of ice, fire and geysers dream of seeing volcanoes at least from afar. The history of the island and even Europe is connected with them, the eruptions of some led to crop failure, famine and a decrease in the number of inhabitants.
Today, some of the country's volcanoes are considered dormant, about 25 active volcanoes are located on the island. The last eruption was recorded in the south of the country in May 2011 (Grimsvotn volcano). Some volcanic systems have been mastered by mountain tourists, among them the Kerling Sulur volcano (Northern Iceland) should be noted.
Geysers
In which country are geysers not only a target extreme tourism and scientific research but also a source of useful energy? Without a doubt, Iceland is a leader in the field of geothermal energy.
Today, the country's economy is almost completely built on the energy of geysers. Most famous geysers: Big Geyser, Stokkur and some others. Like volcanoes, they animate local residents and have their own legends. The highest geyser is Stokkur. It throws jets of boiling water and steam to a height of up to 200 meters. Most of the geysers are not harmless - it is not recommended to approach them, even if they just slowly bubble up without rising in height.
Most popular place associated with the action of geyser energy is the Blue Lagoon, in which the boiling water of the geyser mixes with the salty water of the ocean, forming healing pools in which you can swim. The Blue Lagoon is considered one of the symbols of the country of geysers; it attracts not only tourists, but also people who want to improve their health.
Water element
Numerous volcanic eruptions and glaciers contributed to the formation of Iceland's water system. The longest river in Iceland is the Thjoursau, which flows out of the glacier and flows into Atlantic Ocean. It is an enchanting sight with waterfalls and canyons.
Some rivers and lakes of the country of geysers attract lovers of fishing. Salmon and trout in these places reach especially large sizes. For a long time, the main industry of the country was fishing, so fishing is still one of the main activities. In the tourist segment, the country of geysers and fishing attracts those who do not want to follow the rules of sports tourism. Here all the fish caught belongs to the fisherman.
waterfalls
Iceland's waterfalls are another source of natural energy and an occasion to get acquainted with the unusual nature of this country. Here is the largest waterfall in Europe - Dettifoss. Its height is 44 m, width - 100 m. Hafragilfoss competes with it - 27 meters in height and 91 m in width. Located nearby, they invariably attract tourists with their pristine strength. All waterfalls in Iceland are not equipped to visit, they look completely virgin. This is what attracts travelers.
Iceland is a country of geysers, volcanoes and waterfalls. Unusual and rock formations, glaciers and rivers, volcanic lakes with piercingly clean air and blue skies set the tone for this harsh land, inviting here those who want to immerse themselves in the world of wild and pristine nature.
A geyser is a spring that ejects jets of hot water and steam. As a rule, geysers appear where volcanic activity is active at a late stage. There are few large active geysers in the world, but they fascinate with their beauty and are the pride and property of the states in whose territory they were born. We offer you a selection of photos of the most beautiful and largest geysers in the world
So let's start with the geysers of the park yellowstone. Yellowstone is located in the United States. The park is famous for its many geysers, rich wildlife and picturesque landscapes. On the picture Beehive Geyser(Beehive Geyser, Yellowstone). The geyser erupts within 5 minutes, a jet of water is thrown to a height of about 60 meters. The interval of Beehive eruptions depends on the season, and is 10-20 hours 
Yellowstone again geyser Castle. (Castle Geyser, Yellowstone). Castle erupts every 10-12 hours, throwing boiling water into the sky for 20 minutes, to a height of about 27 meters. Then, the Zamok geyser spews steam for 30-40 minutes. 
In the photo, Castle throws out steam. The geyser is especially beautiful in the sun 
One of the most beautiful geysers in Yellowstone Park is considered (Old Faithful). The geyser ejects up to 30,000 liters of boiling water every 30-80 minutes, the flow height is 30-56 meters. On the observation deck a huge number of tourists gather in front of the Old Faithful geyser, up to 2000 people 
Geyser Steamboat in Yellowstone Park (Steamboat Geyser) is the highest active geyser in the world. During eruptions, Steamboat throws water up to 90 meters into the air. The geyser is less predictable than other sources of Yellowstone, so it is impossible to accurately predict the timing of its eruptions. 
The Midway Geyser Basin in Yellowstone Park has collected many geysers and springs of various sizes. The most popular among them is the Grand Prismatic Spring. The source is full of bright colors - this is the result of the vital activity of millions of bacteria in the mineral-rich water. 
And again the Yellowstone reserve. Geyser Big Fountain
(Great Fountain Geyser). The only predictable geyser in the lower Yellowstone Geyser Basin. It erupts every 9-15 hours. Great Fountain erupts within an hour, but there have been eruptions that lasted up to two hours. 
Pictured is the eruption of the Great Fountain geyser at sunset
field of geysers Sol de Manana Geysers, Bolivia (Sol de Magnana, Bolivia) is located at an altitude of 4800 meters above sea level. Characterized by intense volcanic activity, many geysers and lava pools 
And this is New Zealand, Prince Charles Geyser ( Prince of Charles Geyser, New Zealand). Located in the valley of geysers of the city of Rotorua 
Geyser Strokkur(Strokkur) in Iceland. Strokkur is located in the southeastern part of Iceland in a geothermal region near the Hvitau River, erupting every 2-6 minutes, releasing water up to 20 meters (70 feet) into the sky, but sometimes the geyser can quickly erupt up to three times in a row 
Geyser in Idaho, Soda Springs is artificially controlled and is therefore considered to be the calmest geyser in the world. Erupts every hour to a height of 40 meters
Our Kamchatka geysers are in no way inferior to the most beautiful geysers in the world. The Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka is one of the few geyser valleys in the world. Here, for example, the Bolshoy geyser, recently revived after the mudflow 
In the valley of geysers in Kamchatka, in a relatively small area, many geysers are concentrated, among them more than 20 large 
A curious story happened to the little-known Fly Geyser in Nevada. Once on the Internet there were photos of a majestic geyser, consisting of three rocks, throwing jets of water to great heights. You can watch Fly Geyser on home page. Here is a photo of the geyser from other angles:
After the appearance of these photos, thousands of curious travelers flocked to Nevada, black rock Desert. But it turned out that the Fly geyser is only 20 feet high and does not exceed human height. These were just good photos and the right angle. In the pictures, the geyser seems gigantic, and if it were really giant size, then it would undoubtedly be recognized as the most beautiful geyser on the planet. The geyser appeared not by itself, but as a result of work on drilling water wells. While drilling, workers reached an underground geyser with hot water, and it rushed out. Gradually, starting in 1964, the Fly geyser acquired its present form. The flow of boiling water from the geyser does not stop even for a second, the geyser constantly continues its growth. The following photo shows the actual size of the Fly geyser 
